Polypeptide producing cells

ABSTRACT

The current invention describes a nucleic acid comprising in a 5′ to 3′ direction a) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide without an in frame stop codon, b) a second nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site comprising an in frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, and c) a nucleic acid encoding i) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or ii) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor.

This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2007/004313 filed May 15, 2007, which claims the benefit of EP 06010146.6, filed May 17, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The current invention is in the field of polypeptide production. It describes a nucleic acid comprising an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, cells comprising this nucleic acid, a method for the isolation of cells expressing a heterologous polypeptide, which utilizes a nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide, a second nucleic acid comprising an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, and a third nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain or a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor, and also a method for the production of heterologous polypeptides.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Expression systems for the production of recombinant polypeptides are well-known in the state of the art and are described by, e.g., Marino, M. H., Biopharm. 2 (1989) 18-33; Goeddel, D. V., et al., Methods Enzymol. 185 (1990) 3-7; Wurm, F., and Bernard, A., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10 (1999) 156-160. For the production of polypeptides and proteins used in pharmaceutical applications preferably mammalian host cells such as CHO cells, BHK cells, NS0 cells, Sp2/0 cells, COS cells, HEK cells, PER.C6® cells and the like are employed. The nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide is preferably introduced into the host cell comprised in a nucleic acid, such as, for example, an expression vector. The essential elements of an expression vector are a prokaryotic plasmid propagation unit, e.g. for Escherichia coli comprising an origin of replication and a selection marker, a eukaryotic selection marker, and one or more expression cassettes for the expression of the structural gene(s) of interest each of them comprising a promoter, a structural gene, and a transcription terminator including a polyadenylation signal. For transient expression in mammalian cells a mammalian origin of replication, such as the SV40 Ori or OriP from EBV, may be included. As a promoter a constitutive or inducible promoter can be selected. For optimized transcription a Kozak sequence may be included in the 5′ untranslated region. For mRNA processing, in particular transcription termination and pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA splicing signals, depending on the organization of the structural gene (exon-intron-organization), may be included as well as a polyadenylation signal.

Expression of a gene is performed either as transient or permanent expression. The polypeptide(s) of interest may be a secreted polypeptide, containing an N-terminal extension (also known as the signal sequence), which is necessary for the transport/secretion of the polypeptide through the cell and into the extracellular medium, or may be a cytosolic polypeptide.

For the large scale production of a polypeptide a high producer cell line has to be established. After the transfection of a host cell line, such as CHO cells, NS0 cells, Sp2/0 cells, BHK cells, COS cells, PER.C6® cells, or HEK cells, in general a plurality of clones with different characteristics are obtained due to, for example, the broad difference of polypeptide expressed from transiently transfected or stably integrated plasmids. For selection purposes the nucleic acid introduced into cells possesses additionally a selectable marker, e.g. a gene conferring resistance against an otherwise fatal substance.

After transfection and by growth in an appropriate selective medium a high producer clone has to be isolated. This is time consuming and consequently expensive. Several methods have been developed to handle this problem.

One of these methods is gene amplification. Therein cells deficient of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are transfected with a vector/plasmid which contains a first expression cassette for the expression of the DHFR protein and a second expression cassette for the expression of a heterologous polypeptide of interest. By using a culture medium depleted of glycine, hypoxanthine, and thymidine selective growth conditions are established. For amplification a DHFR inhibitor, methotrexate (MTX), is added (Kaufman, R. J., et al., J Mol. Biol. 159 (1982) 601-621; U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,134).

Alternatively reporter molecules, such as chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein, or beta-galactosidase, can be fused to the heterologous polypeptide for which a high producer cell line is desired and used as an indirect selectrion marker. The selection takes place in the presence of an added exogenous substrate or cofactor.

A further method for the identification of a high producer clone is a linked transcription of a selectable marker gene and a structural gene encoding a heterologous polypeptide via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). With this design the expression of the heterologous polypeptide can be correlated with the expression of the selectable marker.

Human immunoglobulins are produced by specialized lymphocytes, the B cells. These cells do not only secrete immunoglobulins (sIg) they also present immunoglobulins on their outer cell membrane as plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mIg). These mIg's play an important role in the beginning of an immunological response. The presented plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulins have the function of cellular receptors of their corresponding antigen.

Beginning in 1980 articles dealing with the origin of secreted and plasma-membrane-bound forms of immunoglobulins were published. Early et al. (Early, P., et al., Cell 20 (1980) 313-319) reported that in mice two species of mRNA which encode the heavy chain of immunoglobulins originate from the same primary transcript of a single immunoglobulin p-gene. The formation of the secreted (sIg) and the plasma-membrane-bound (mIg) forms results from alternative splicing of the heavy chain pre-mRNA. For the sIg isoform all exons coding for the domains of the immunoglobulin and the intron following the exon encoding the C-terminal domain are retained in the mRNA and the polyadenylation signal locates downstream of the stop codon in the intron is used for cleavage and polyadenylation of the primary transcript. For the mIg isoform an alternative 5′ splice donor site after the exon encoding the C-terminal domain of the secreted form (i.e. CH3 or CH4, respectively) links the constant region with the downstream exons M1 and M2 encoding a transmembrane domain. In this case the sequence encoding the terminal amino acids and the stop codon of the secreted form, as well as the adjacent intronic polyadenylation signal for the sIg form are removed by the splicing along with the intron.

For example, the ratio between the mRNA encoding the secreted immunoglobulin heavy chain form and the mRNA encoding the plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chain form is of from 10:1 to 100:1. This ratio is established mainly during pre-mRNA splicing. Translational and post-translational control mechanisms contribute only to a minor part (see e.g. Xiang, S. D., et al., Immun. Cell Biol. 79 (2001) 472-481).

The immunoglobulin bound to the cell's plasma-membrane has the same amino acid sequence and secondary structure as its secreted analogue. The difference is a C-terminal extension of the sIg's heavy chain comprising a transmembrane domain. This transmembrane domain has in general a length of between approx. 40 and approx. 75 amino acid residues. For murine and human immunoglobulins the transmembrane domain can be subdivided into three distinct structural regions: an N-terminal extracellular region of 13-67 amino acid residues, a central conserved transmembrane stretch of 25 amino acid residues, and a C-terminal cytoplasmatic region of 3-28 amino acid residues (Major, J. G., et al., Mol. Immunol. 33 (1996) 179-187).

Expression vectors comprising an amplifiable selectable gene, a fluorescent protein gene, and a gene encoding a desired product in a manner that optimizes transcriptional and translational linkage is reported in WO 01/04306. In WO 01/38557 a method for screening multiply transformed/transfected cells to identify cells expressing at least two peptides or proteins of interest is reported. These two peptides/proteins are linked via an IRES (internal ribosome entry site) to a fluorescent marker gene.

Transgenic animals and cells that comprise an imaging marker transgene are reported in US patent application 2003/0033616. US patent application 2005/0032127 reports a method for the non-invasive selection of single living cells under gentle conditions from mixtures of cells or cell cultures with respect to a specific production performance by fluorescence-microscopic detection methods. A method for identifying and isolating cells which produce secreted proteins is reported in US patent application 2002/0168702.

An expression vector consisting of a gene coding for a protein of interest which is functionally linked to a hamster promoter, a gene which codes for a fluorescent protein, and preferably an amplifiable selection marker gene is reported in US patent application 2004/0148647.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The current invention comprises a nucleic acid comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction

-   -   a) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide         without an in frame translational stop codon,     -   b) a second nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site         and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site comprising an in         frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, and     -   c) a third nucleic acid encoding         -   i) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or         -   ii) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor.

Further aspects of the current invention are a vector suitable for eukaryotic cells comprising the nucleic acid of the invention and a eukaryotic cell comprising at least one nucleic acid according to the invention.

The current invention also comprises a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing a heterologous polypeptide, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide             without an in frame translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into a polypeptide, wherein said transfected cell produces         soluble heterologous polypeptide and plasma-membrane-bound         heterologous polypeptide by alternative splicing of said         pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound heterologous         polypeptide to be said cell expressing a heterologous         polypeptide.

In one embodiment the method of the invention is for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing an immunoglobulin, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of an             immunoglobulin heavy chain without an in frame translational             stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into an immunoglobulin heavy chain, wherein said         transfected cell produces soluble immunoglobulin heavy chain and         plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chain by alternative         splicing of said pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin         heavy chain to be said cell expressing an immunoglobulin.

The current invention further comprises a method for the production of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid according to the invention, by

-   -   a) providing a eukaryotic cell,     -   b) transfecting said eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid         according to the invention,     -   c) culturing said transfected cell under conditions suitable for         the expression of said nucleic acid,     -   d) recovering said polypeptide from the culture medium or the         cytoplasm of said cell.

The present invention further comprises a nucleic acid comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction

-   -   a) a first multiple cloning site,     -   b) a nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and         terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site, wherein         -   i) said nucleic acid comprises a translational stop codon             and a polyadenylation signal, and         -   ii) said nucleic acid is not constitutively removed during             pre-mRNA processing,     -   c) a second multiple cloning site.

The invention further comprises a vector comprising the not constitutively removed nucleic acid according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The current invention comprises a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing a heterologous polypeptide or protein, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide             or protein without a translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor             site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site comprising             an in frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation             signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into a polypeptide or protein, wherein said transfected         cell produces soluble heterologous polypeptide or protein and         plasma-membrane-bound heterologous polypeptide or protein by         alternative splicing of said pre-mRNA,     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound heterologous         polypeptide or protein to be said cell expressing a heterologous         polypeptide or protein.

Useful methods and techniques for carrying out the current invention are described in e.g. Ausubel, F. M. (ed.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volumes I to III (1997); Glover, N. D., and Hames, B. D., ed., DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (1985), Oxford University Press; Freshney, R. I. (ed.), Animal Cell Culture—a practical approach, IRL Press Limited (1986); Watson, J. D., et al., Recombinant DNA, Second Edition, CHSL Press (1992); Winnacker, E. L., From Genes to Clones; N. Y., VCH Publishers (1987); Celis, J., ed., Cell Biology, Second Edition, Academic Press (1998); Freshney, R. I., Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique, second edition, Alan R. Liss, Inc., N.Y. (1987).

The use of recombinant DNA technology enables the production of numerous derivatives of a polypeptide. Such derivatives can, for example, be modified in individual or several amino acid positions by substitution, alteration, exchange, deletion or insertion. The modification or derivatisation can, for example, be carried out by means of site directed mutagenesis. Such modifications can easily be carried out by a person skilled in the art (see e.g. Sambrook, J., et al., Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual (1999) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA; Hames, B. D., and Higgins, S. G., Nucleic acid hybridization—a practical approach (1985) IRL Press, Oxford, England).

Within the scope of the present invention some of the terms used are defined as follows:

A “nucleic acid” as used herein, refers to a polynucleotide molecule, for example to types of DNA and/or RNA. This polynucleotide molecule can be a naturally occurring polynucleotide molecule or a synthetic polynucleotide molecule or a combination of one or more naturally occurring polynucleotide molecules or fragments thereof with one or more synthetic polynucleotide molecules. Also encompassed by this definition are naturally occurring polynucleotide molecules in which one or more nucleotides have been changed, e.g. by mutagenesis, deleted or added. The nucleic acid can either be isolated, or integrated in another nucleic acid, e.g. in an expression vector or the chromosome of a eukaryotic host cell. A nucleic acid is likewise characterized by its nucleic acid sequence consisting of individual nucleotides. It is known in the art to deduce an amino acid sequence from the corresponding encoding nucleic acid and likewise to derive a corresponding nucleic acid from the encoded amino acid sequence. Thus an amino acid sequence is likewise characterized by its nucleic acid. Likewise is a nucleic acid given by a corresponding amino acid sequence.

The expression “plasmid” or “vector” which is used interchangeably within this application include e.g. shuttle and expression plasmids as well as transfection plasmids. Typically, the plasmid will also comprise an origin of replication (e.g. the ColE1 and oriP origin of replication) and a selectable marker (e.g. an ampicillin or tetracycline resistance gene) for replication and selection, respectively, of the plasmid in bacteria.

An “expression cassette” refers to a construct that contains the necessary regulatory elements for expression of at least the contained structural gene in a cell. Optionally additional elements are contained which enable the secretion of the expressed polypeptide or protein.

A “gene” denotes a segment e.g. on a chromosome or on a plasmid, which is necessary for the expression of a polypeptide or protein. Beside the coding region the gene comprises other functional elements including a promoter, one or more introns and/or exons, and one or more terminators.

The term “structural gene” as used within this application denotes the coding region of a gene, i.e. the exons, without a signal sequence, but with intervening introns.

A “selectable marker” denotes a gene that allows cells carrying the gene to be specifically selected for or against, in the presence or absence of a corresponding selection agent. A useful positive selectable marker is an antibiotic resistance gene. This selectable marker allows the host cell transformed with the gene to be positively selected for in the presence of the corresponding antibiotic; a non-transformed host cell would not be capable to grow or survive under the selective culture conditions, i.e. in the presence of the selection agent, in a selective medium. Selectable markers can be positive, negative or bifunctional. Positive selectable markers allow selection for cells carrying the marker, whereas negative selectable markers allow cells carrying the marker to be selectively eliminated. Typically, a selectable marker will confer resistance to a drug or compensate for a metabolic or catabolic defect in the host cell. Selectable markers useful with eukaryotic cells include, e.g., the genes for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH), such as the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hyg), neomycin and G418 APH, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), thymidine kinase (tk), glutamine synthetase (GS), asparagine synthetase, tryptophan synthetase (selective agent indole), histidinol dehydrogenase (selective agent histidinol D), and genes encoding resistance to puromycin, bleomycin, phleomycin, chloramphenicol, Zeocin, and mycophenolic acid. Further marker genes are described in WO 92/08796 and WO 94/28143.

“Regulatory elements” as used herein, refer to nucleotide sequences present in cis or/and trans, necessary for transcription and/or translation of the gene comprising the structural gene of interest. The transcriptional regulatory elements normally comprise a promoter upstream of the gene sequence to be expressed, transcriptional initiation and termination sites, and a polyadenylation signal sequence. The term “transcriptional initiation site” refers to the nucleotide in the gene corresponding to the first nucleic acid to be incorporated into the primary transcript, i.e. the pre-mRNA; the transcriptional initiation site may overlap with the promoter sequence. The term “transcriptional termination site” refers to a nucleotide sequence normally present at the 3′ end of a gene of interest to be transcribed, that causes RNA polymerase to terminate transcription. The polyadenylation signal sequence, or poly-A addition signal provides the signal for the cleavage at a specific site at the 3′ end of a eukaryotic mRNA and the post-transcriptional addition of a sequence of about 100-200 adenine nucleotides (polyA tail) to the cleaved 3′ end in the nucleus. The polyadenylation signal sequence may include the consensus sequence AATAAA located at about 10-30 nucleotides upstream from the site of cleavage.

Translational regulatory elements include a translational initiation (AUG) and stop codon (TAA, TAG or TGA). An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) can be included in some constructs.

A “promoter” refers to a polynucleotide sequence that controls transcription of a gene or nucleic acid sequence to which it is operably linked. A promoter includes signals for RNA polymerase binding and transcription initiation. The promoter used will be functional in the cell type of the host cell in which expression of the selected/operably linked sequence is contemplated. A large number of promoters including constitutive, inducible and repressible promoters from a variety of different sources, are well known in the art (and identified in databases such as GenBank) and are available as or within cloned polynucleotides (from, e.g., depositories such as ATCC as well as other commercial or individual sources). A “promoter” comprises a nucleotide sequence that directs the transcription of a structural gene. Typically, a promoter is located in the 5′ non-coding or untranslated region of a gene, proximal to the transcriptional start site of a structural gene. Sequence elements within promoters that function in the initiation of transcription are often characterized by consensus nucleotide sequences. These promoter elements include RNA polymerase binding sites, TATA sequences, CAAT sequences, differentiation-specific elements (DSEs; McGehee, R. E. Jr., et al., Mol. Endocrinol. 7 (1993) 551-60), cyclic AMP response elements (CREs), serum response elements (SREs; Treisman, R., Seminars in Cancer Biol. 1 (1990) 47-58), glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), and binding sites for other transcription factors, such as CRE/ATF (O'Reilly, M. A., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 19938-43), AP2 (Ye, J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 25728-34), SPI, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB; Loeken, M. R., Gene Expr. 3 (1993) 253-64) and octamer factors (see, in general, Watson et al., eds., Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th ed., The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. (1987), and Lemaigre, F. P. and Rousseau, G. G., Biochem. J. 303 (1994) 1-14). If a promoter is an inducible promoter, then the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent. In contrast, the rate of transcription is not regulated by an inducing agent if the promoter is a constitutive promoter. Repressible promoters are also known. For example, the c-fos promoter is specifically activated upon binding of growth hormone to its receptor on the cell surface. Tetracycline (Tet) regulated expression can be achieved by artificial hybrid promoters that consist e.g. of a CMV promoter followed by two Tet-operator sites. The Tet-repressor binds to the two Tet-operator sites and blocks transcription. Upon addition of the inducer tetracycline, the Tet-repressor is released from the Tet-operator sites and transcription proceeds (Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. PNAS 89 (1992) 5547-5551). For other inducible promoters including metallothionein and heat shock promoters, see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (supra) and Gossen et al., Curr. Opin. Biotech. 5 (1994) 516-520. Among the eukaryotic promoters that have been identified as strong promoters for high-level expression are the SV40 early promoter, adenovirus major late promoter, mouse metallothionein-I promoter, Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, Chinese hamster elongation factor 1 alpha (CHEF-1, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809), human EF-1 alpha, ubiquitin, and human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV IE).

The “promoter” can be constitutive or inducible. An enhancer (i.e. a cis- acting DNA element that acts on a promoter to increase transcription) may be necessary to function in conjunction with the promoter to increase the level of expression obtained with the promoter alone, and may be included as a transcriptional regulatory element. Often, the polynucleotide segment containing the promoter will include enhancer sequences as well (e.g. CMV or SV40).

“Operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition of two or more components, wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. For example, a promoter and/or enhancer are operably linked to a coding sequence, if it acts in cis to control or modulate the transcription of the linked coding sequence. Generally, but not necessarily, the DNA sequences that are “operably linked” are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein encoding regions such as a secretory leader and a polypeptide, or a polypeptide and a transmembrane domain, or a polypeptide and a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor, or a polypeptide and a translational stop codon, contiguous and in reading frame. However, although an operably linked promoter is generally located upstream of the coding sequence, it is not necessarily contiguous with it. Enhancers do not have to be contiguous. An enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if the enhancer increases transcription of the coding sequence. Operably linked enhancers can be located upstream, within or downstream of coding sequences and at considerable distance from the promoter. A polyadenylation site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is located at the downstream end of the coding sequence such that transcription proceeds through the coding sequence into the polyadenylation sequence. Linking is accomplished by recombinant methods known in the art, e.g., using PCR methodology and/or by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If convenient restriction sites do not exist, then synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accord with conventional practice.

The term “production of pre-mRNA” as used herein denotes a process of transcription of DNA into its complementary pre-mRNA. Eukaryotic DNA is composed of coding and non-coding regions, which are referred to as exons (coding) and introns (non-coding). In the transcription process of DNA into its complementary pre-mRNA the genomic organization of exons and introns is maintained.

The term “processing of pre-mRNA” as used herein denotes a post-transcriptional modification process. In this step, the introns of the pre-mRNA are spliced out, i.e. removed from the pre-mRNA, the 5′ end of the processed mRNA is capped and 3′ polyadenylation is performed. The final nuclear, i.e. mature, mRNA is obtained in this step.

The term “transmembrane domain” as used within this application denotes a polypeptide or protein which is encoded on the DNA level by at least one exon and which comprises an extracellular, a transmembrane, and an intracellular region. A transmembrane domain generally comprises three distinct structural regions: an N-terminal extracellular region, a central conserved transmembrane stretch, and a C-terminal cytoplasmatic region. In one embodiment the transmembrane domain comprises in N- to C-terminal direction an extracellular region and a transmembrane region. The transmembrane domain may additionally comprise an intracellular or cytoplasmatic region.

The term “a fragment of a transmembrane domain” as used within this application denotes the part of a transmembrane domain that spans the cell membrane, i.e. which is located within the cell membrane, i.e. the transmembrane stretch.

The term “alternatively spliceable nucleic acid” denotes a nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site. This nucleic acid contains a translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal. This alternatively spliceable nucleic acid comprises a non coding region which is not constitutively spliced out of the corresponding pre-mRNA, such as, for example, the intron after the exon encoding an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain. The “alternative splicing event” taking place at the 5′ splice donor site of the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is a decision event whether the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is spliced out of the pre-mRNA or if it is at least partially maintained and comprised in the mature (processed) mRNA.

The term “alternative splicing” and grammatical equivalents thereof as used herein refers to a process in eukaryotic cells in which from a single pre-mRNA due to different processing of one or more introns different mature mRNAs can be obtained and accordingly different isoforms of a polypeptide can be expressed. In one embodiment of the invention a single, i.e. only one, intron of the produced pre-mRNA can be spliced alternatively. In another embodiment the second nucleic acid can be spliced alternatively. In a further embodiment comprises the second nucleic acid an alternatively spliceable intron. The different processing is a “yes/no” decision, i.e. in the alternative splicing process the intron to be processed, i.e. the “alternatively spliceable nucleic acid”, is either at least partially retained or spliced out. This has not to be understood as a branching point mechanism resulting in different exons to follow. It is in fact a mechanism in which an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is either spliced out or at least partially maintained in the mature mRNA. With this mechanism the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid and, thus, the therein comprised in frame translational stop codon are either retained or removed.

Alternative splicing is an important regulatory mechanism in eukaryotic cells. With alternative splicing different combinations of exons in a mature mRNA can be obtained from the same pre-mRNA giving rise to a plurality of different proteins encoded by the same DNA.

The term “expression” as used herein refers to transcription and/or translation processes occurring within a cell. The level of transcription of a desired product in a cell can be determined on the basis of the amount of corresponding mRNA that is present in the cell. For example, mRNA transcribed from a selected sequence can be quantitated by PCR or by Northern hybridization (see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)). Polypeptides can be quantitated by various methods, e.g. by ELISA, by assaying for the biological activity of the polypeptide, or by employing assays that are independent of such activity, such as Western blotting, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, NMR or radioimmunoassay, e.g. by using antibodies that recognize and bind to the polypeptide (see Sambrook et al., 1989, supra).

A “host cell” refers to a cell into which a heterologous nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or protein is introduced. Host cell includes both prokaryotic cells, which are used for propagation of plasmids, and eukaryotic cells, which are used for the expression of the heterologous nucleic acid. Preferably, the eukaryotic cells are mammalian cells. Preferably the mammalian cells are CHO cells, BHK cells, NS0 cells, Sp2/0 cells, COS cells, HEK cells, PER.C6® cells.

A “polypeptide” is a polymer consisting of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, whether produced naturally or synthetically. Polypeptides of less than about 20 amino acid residues may be referred to as “peptides”, whereas polypeptides consisting of more than 100 amino acid residues or consisting of two or more polypeptide chains may be referred to as “proteins”.

A “protein” is a macromolecule comprising at least one polypeptide chain of a length of 100 amino acids or more or comprising two or more polypeptide chains.

Polypeptides and protein may also comprise non-peptidic components, such as carbohydrate groups, metal ions, lipids, carboxylic acid esters, or combinations thereof. The non-peptidic substituents may be added by the cell, in which the polypeptide or protein is produced, and may vary with the type of cell. Polypeptides and proteins are defined herein in terms of their amino acid backbone structures; additions such as carbohydrate groups are generally not specified, but may be present nonetheless.

“Heterologous DNA” or “heterologous nucleic acid” refers to a DNA molecule or a nucleic acid, or a population of DNA molecules or a population of nucleic acids, that do not exist naturally within a given host cell. DNA molecules heterologous to a particular host cell may contain DNA derived from the host cell species (i.e. endogenous DNA) so long as that host DNA is combined with non-host DNA (i.e. exogenous DNA). For example, a DNA molecule containing a non-host DNA segment encoding a polypeptide operably linked to a host DNA segment comprising a promoter is considered to be a heterologous DNA molecule. Conversely, heterologous DNA can comprise an endogenous structural gene operably linked with an exogenous promoter.

A peptide or polypeptide encoded by a non-host, i.e. heterologous, nucleic acid is a “heterologous” peptide or polypeptide.

The term “biologically active polypeptide” as used herein refers to an organic molecule, e.g. a biological macromolecule such as a peptide, protein, glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, synthetic polypeptide or protein, that causes a biological effect when administered in or to artificial biological systems, such as bioassays using cell lines and viruses, or in vivo to an animal, including but not limited to birds and mammals, including humans. This biological effect can be but is not limited to enzyme inhibition or activation, binding to a receptor or a ligand, either at the binding site or circumferential, signal triggering or signal modulation. In one embodiment said biologically active polypeptide is selected from the group of polypeptides comprising immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin fragments, immunoglobulin conjugates, and antifusogenic peptides.

Biologically active molecules are without limitation for example hormones; cytokines; interleukins; immunoglobulins; antifusogenic peptides; growth factors; receptor ligands, agonists or antagonists; cytotoxic agents; antiviral agents; imaging agents; enzyme inhibitors; enzyme activators or enzyme activity modulators such as allosteric substances, and conjugates of these.

The term “amino acid” as used within this application denotes a group of carboxy α-amino acids, which either directly or as precursor can be encoded by nucleic acids, comprising alanine (three letter code: Ala, one letter code: A), arginine (Arg, R), asparagine (Asn, N), aspartic acid (Asp, D), cysteine (Cys, C), glutamine (Gln, Q), glutamic acid (Glu, E), glycine (Gly, G), histidine (His, H), isoleucine (Ile, I), leucine (Leu, L), lysine (Lys, K), methionine (Met, M), phenylalanine (Phe, F), proline (Pro, P), serine (Ser, S), threonine (Thr, T), tryptophan (Trp, W), tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and valine (Val, V).

A “cloning vector” is a nucleic acid, such as a plasmid, cosmid, phagemid or bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), which has the capability of replicating autonomously in a host cell. Cloning vectors typically contain one or a small number of restriction endonuclease recognition sites that allow insertion of a nucleic acid in a determinable fashion without loss of an essential biological function of the vector, as well as nucleotide sequences encoding a selectable marker, that is suitable for use in the identification and selection of cells transformed with the cloning vector. Selectable markers typically include genes that provide tetracycline, neomycin, G418, or ampicillin resistance.

An “expression vector” is a nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide or protein to be expressed in a host cell. Typically, an expression vector comprises a prokaryotic plasmid propagation unit, e.g. for E. coli, comprising a prokaryotic origin of replication and a prokaryotic selection marker, a eukaryotic selection marker, and one or more expression cassettes for the expression of a nucleic acid of interest, each comprising a promoter, a nucleic acid, and a transcription terminator including a polyadenylation signal. Gene expression is usually placed under the control of a promoter, and such a structural gene is said to be “operably linked” to the promoter. Similarly, a regulatory element and a core promoter are operably linked if the regulatory element modulates the activity of the core promoter.

A “polycistronic transcription unit” is a transcription unit in which more than one structural gene is under the control of the same promoter.

An “isolated polypeptide” or an “isolated protein” is a polypeptide or protein that is essentially free from contaminating cellular components, such as not covalently bound carbohydrate, lipid, or other proteinaceous impurities as well as non-proteinaceous impurities associated with the polypeptide or protein in nature. Typically, a preparation of isolated polypeptide/protein contains the polypeptide/protein in a highly purified form, i.e. at least about 80% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, greater than 95% pure, or greater than 99% pure. One way to show that a particular preparation contains an isolated polypeptide or protein is by the appearance of a single band following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the preparation and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of the gel. However, the term “isolated” does not exclude the presence of the same polypeptide or protein in alternative physical forms, such as dimers or alternatively glycosylated or derivatized forms.

As used herein, the term “immunoglobulin” denotes a protein consisting of one or more polypeptides substantially encoded by immunoglobulin genes. This definition includes variants such as mutated forms, i.e. forms with substitutions, deletions, and insertions of one or more amino acids, truncated forms, as well as fused forms. The recognized immunoglobulin genes include the different constant region genes as well as the myriad immunoglobulin variable region genes. Immunoglobulins may exist in a variety of formats, including, for example, Fv, Fab, and F(ab)2 as well as single chains (scFv) (e.g. Huston, J. S., et al., PNAS USA 85 (1988) 5879-5883; Bird, R. E., et al., Science 242 (1988) 423-426; and, in general, Hood et al., Immunology, Benjamin N. Y., 2nd edition (1984) and Hunkapiller, T., and Hood, L., Nature 323 (1986) 15-16).

Each of the heavy and light polypeptide chains of an immunoglobulin, if present at all, may comprise a constant region (generally the carboxyl terminal portion). The constant region of the heavy chain mediates the binding of the antibody i) to cells bearing a Fc receptor, such as phagocytic cells, or ii) to cells bearing the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) also known as Brambell receptor. It also mediates the binding to some factors including factors of the classical complement system such as component Clq. Furthermore a transmembrane domain may follow the C-terminal constant domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, i.e. the C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain. This transmembrane domain allows for the formation of plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments or immunoglobulin-fusion polypeptides.

Each of the heavy and light polypeptide chains of an immunoglobulin, if present at all, may comprise a variable domain (generally the amino terminal portion). The variable domain of an immunoglobulin's light or heavy chain comprises different segments, i.e. four framework regions (FR) and three hypervariable regions (CDR).

The term “at least a fragment of” denotes a fraction of a complete nucleic acid or a complete polypeptide, i.e. at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 80% of the complete nucleic acid, polypeptide, or domain. For example, “a nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of an immunoglobulin C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain” denotes a fraction of the nucleic acid encoding the complete immunoglobulin C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain, i.e. at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 60%, or at least 80% of the nucleic acid encoding the complete immunoglobulin C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain. In one embodiment a fragment of an immunoglobulin heavy chain is a C-terminal fragment of an immunoglobulin heavy chain.

The term “an in frame translational stop codon” denotes a translational stop codon (TAA, TAG, or TGA) which is succeeding a coding region of a nucleic acid without a frameshift of the reading frame with respect to the preceding coding region of the nucleic acid, i.e. which terminates the coding region during translation. An in frame translational stop codon is operably linked to the preceding coding region of a nucleic acid.

The term “without an in frame translational stop codon” denotes the absence of a translational stop codon (TAA, TAG, or TGA) in the designated nucleic acid and/or the presence of a translational stop codon, which can be found within or at the end of a coding region of a nucleic acid, but that is due to one or two basepair shifts not recognized during the translation of the processed mRNA (i.e. out-of-frame, not operably linked) and thus does not terminate the coding region in the translation process.

“Transcription terminator” as denoted within this application is a DNA sequence of 50-750 base pairs in length which gives the RNA polymerase the signal for termination of the mRNA synthesis. Very efficient (strong) terminators at the 3′ end of an expression cassette are advisable to prevent the RNA polymerase from reading through, particularly when using strong promoters. Inefficient transcription terminators can lead to the formation of an operon-like mRNA which can be the reason for an undesired, e.g. plasmid-coded, gene expression.

The terms “not constitutively removed during pre-mRNA processing” and “not constitutively spliced out of the (corresponding) pre-mRNA” as used within this application denote a splicing process that does not unexceptionally take place during pre-mRNA processing, i.e. the nucleic acid of a specific intron is only sometimes removed during pre-mRNA processing. As a result two different mature mRNAs are obtained, one with at least a part the intron and one without the intron.

The term “GPI-anchor” as used within this application denotes a posttranslational modification attached to a C-terminus of a polypeptide or protein. A “GPI-anchor” has a core structure comprising at least one ethanolamine phosphate residue, a trimannoside, a glucosamine residue, and an inositol phospholipid. Notwithstanding this core structure a GPI-anchor normally possesses a certain microheterogeniety and therefore a protein having a GPI-anchor normally is a mixture of proteins with homologous GPI-anchors of the same core structure having different side chain modifications.

The term “signal peptide for a GPI-anchor” denotes a C-terminal amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or protein which consists of one amino acid to which the GPI-anchor will be attached, an optional spacer peptide, and a hydrophobic peptide. Almost all of this signal peptide, i.e. the optional spacer peptide and the hydrophobic peptide, is removed posttranslationally by the enzyme GPI-transaminase and a bond between the amino group of the core ethanolamine phosphate of the GPI-anchor and the amino acid to which the GPI-anchor is attached is formed.

After transfection with a heterologous nucleic acid, cells expressing a heterologous polypeptide encoded by the heterologous nucleic acid have to be selected. For selection a marker is used. The marker indicates cells in a population that have been successfully transformed and facilitates the selection and isolation of these cells. Different markers can be used, such as, e.g., selectable markers, or detectable labels like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP).

Selection of cells can be performed in a single step or in multiple steps. In a single/multiple step procedure the first selection can be performed based e.g. on a threshold level of a selectable marker, such as a detectable label. For example, for selection by flow cytometry (e.g. by FACS—Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) a fluorescence threshold level is set and cells with a fluorescence above this threshold level are selected. Alternatively cells within the top 1-15% (i.e. the 15% of the cells with the most intense detectable label), or top 1-10%, or top 1-5%, or top 5-10%, or top 5-6% of fluorescence intensity of the sample population can be collected. An alternative method for the selection of a cells is immunological binding, e.g. to magnetic beads coated with Protein A or specific immunoglobulins. The selected panel of cells may be taken as basic population for a further selection step, e.g. by single cell seeding, cultivation and ELISA analysis (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), or by limited dilution cloning, or by expanding by cultivation under selective culture conditions in selection medium for several days and a further FACS selection, or by a further FACS selection with a higher threshold level, which can for example be based on the fluorescence intensities detected in a preceding FACS selection, or by an immunoprecipitation method (see e.g. also WO 2005/020924). Selecting a cell according to the invention can be performed by a method selected from the group of flow cytometry, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity column chromatography, magnetic bead immunoaffinity sorting, microscopy-based isolation methods, or immunological binding. In one embodiment selecting a cell according to the invention can be performed by a method selected from the group of flow cytometry, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity column chromatography, magnetic bead immunoaffinity sorting, microscopy-based isolation methods, or immunological binding, followed by a method selected from the group of single cell seeding and cultivation, limited dilution, or expanding by cultivation, followed by a method selected from the group of FACS, immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity column chromatography, magnetic bead immunoaffinity sorting, microscopy-based isolation methods, or ELISA

As the efficacy of transfection methods and vectors known in the art is very high and thus a plurality of transfected cells is obtained, marker are preferred that also allow for the correlation of the expression yield of a transfected cell with the detected “intensity” of the marker. Therefore it is functional to link the expression of the heterologous polypeptide of interest with the expression of the marker.

The current invention uses splicing methodology, i.e. alternative splicing, to express a heterologous polypeptide and a marker from the same nucleic acid, i.e. from the same expression cassette whereby e.g. no IRES is employed. The marker in the current invention is a plasma-membrane-bound form of the expressed heterologous polypeptide. In the current invention the selectable marker comprises as N-terminal part the heterologous polypeptide and as C-terminal part either at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain or a GPI-anchor. Thus, the produced heterologous polypeptide and the extracellular part of the selectable marker, i.e. the part of the selectable marker which is detected, are identical.

The current invention comprises a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing a heterologous polypeptide, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide             without an in frame translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into a heterologous polypeptide, wherein said transfected         cell produces soluble heterologous polypeptide and         plasma-membrane-bound heterologous polypeptide by alternative         splicing of said pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound heterologous         polypeptide to be said cell expressing a heterologous         polypeptide.

During transcription of DNA a copy of the DNA is obtained, the so called pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). This pre-mRNA has the same organization as the template DNA, i.e. it has a genomic intron-exon-organization. Only the exons contain the information of the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide.

Thus, the introns have to be removed from the pre-mRNA prior to translation. This process is called RNA-splicing.

A “spliceable nucleic acid” is characterized by at least a 5′ splice donor site, a 3′ splice acceptor site, and a so called branch site, which is normally located 20-50 bases upstream of the acceptor site. This architecture effects the recognition and the excision of the nucleic acid from the 5′ splice donor site to the 3′ splice acceptor site from the pre-mRNA during RNA splicing. During the splicing step the mature mRNA from which a polypeptide or protein is translated is generated. In one embodiment of the present invention at least one nucleic acid, preferably the second nucleic acid, is a spliceable nucleic acid containing additional regulatory elements, such as an in frame stop codon and a polyadenylation signal.

But the splicing process is not exclusive. It is, e.g., possible that an intron is not removed during pre-mRNA processing from the pre-mRNA and is thus at least partially embedded into the mature mRNA. If an in frame stop codon is present in this “optionally” included intron the translation stops at this stop codon and a variant of the encoded polypeptide is produced.

The recognition and excision of an intron is often regulated by additional cis-acting elements in the pre-mRNA. Due to their function and position these elements are referred to as exonic splice enhancer (ESE), exonic splice silencer (ESS), intronic splice enhancer (ISE), or intronic splice silencer (ISS), respectively (Black, D. L., Annu Rev Biochem 72 (2003) 291-336).

The genomic DNA of most eukaryotic genes has an intron-exon-organization. For example, within the exon encoding the C-terminal domain of the secreted form of an immunoglobulin heavy chain (i.e. C_(H)3 or C_(H)4, respectively) is a 5′ splice donor site.

If this splice donor site is not effective in the processing of the heavy chain pre-mRNA, the intron following this exon, which contains a stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, is at least partially retained in the mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated into an immunoglobulin heavy chain that ends with a C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain and represents a soluble immunoglobulin. This is the major processing pathway for immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in immunoglobulin secreting cells.

If this splice donor site is effective in the processing of the immunoglobulin heavy chain pre-mRNA, the consecutive intron, and thus the stop codon is removed. Hence the translation does not stop after the C-terminal domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. Furthermore, translation is continued with the succeeding spliced to exons encoding a transmembrane domain. This minor processing pathway for immunoglobulin heavy chain genes results in a plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin form presented on the cell surface of an immunoglobulin producing cell.

This process is referred to as “alternative splicing” and the nucleic acid (i.e the intron) optionally removed in this process is referred to as “alternatively spliceable nucleic acid”.

If a nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide or a protein is linked to a nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain or to a nucleic acid encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor by/via an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, i.e. an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is located in between these two nucleic acids, and whereby these three nucleic acids are operably linked, two variants of the heterologous polypeptide or protein are expressed: a soluble variant, i.e. a variant only comprising the polypeptide or protein, and a plasma-membrane-bound variant, i.e. a variant comprising both, the polypeptide or protein and the transmembrane domain or the GPI-anchor.

In one embodiment the transfected nucleic acid is comprised in an expression cassette. In one embodiment the first nucleic acid is without an in frame translational stop codon at its 3′ terminus. In another embodiment the first, second and third nucleic acids are operably linked. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid encodes at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain. In another embodiment the fragment of a transmembrane domain is a transmembrane region. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid encodes a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor. In one embodiment of the invention the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is selected from the group comprising immunoglobulin heavy chains, immunoglobulin light chains, biologically active polypeptides, fragments thereof, and fusion polypeptides thereof. In one embodiment of the invention the polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid is selected from the group comprising immunoglobulin heavy chains, immunoglobulin light chains, fragments thereof, and fusions thereof. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid encodes at least a fragment of an immunoglobulin transmembrane domain.

In more detail, the current invention comprises a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing an immunoglobulin heavy chain, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin heavy             chain without an in frame translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into an immunoglobulin heavy chain, wherein said         transfected cell produces soluble immunoglobulin heavy chain and         plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chain by alternative         splicing of said pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin         heavy chain to be said cell expressing an immunoglobulin heavy         chain.

In one embodiment the current invention comprises a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing an immunoglobulin, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising         a first expression cassette for an immunoglobulin light chain         and a second expression cassette comprising in 5′ to 3′         direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin heavy             chain without an in frame translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into an immunoglobulin heavy chain, wherein said         transfected cell produces soluble immunoglobulin and         plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin by alternative splicing of         said pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin to         be said cell expressing an immunoglobulin.

In one embodiment comprises the current invention a method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing an immunoglobulin, whereby the method comprises

-   -   a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with two nucleic acids either         simultaneously or sequentially whereby one nucleic acid         comprises an expression cassette for an immunoglobulin light         chain and the other nucleic acid comprises an expression         cassette comprising in 5′ to 3′ direction         -   i) a first nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin heavy             chain without an in frame translational stop codon,         -   ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site             and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in             frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal,         -   iii) a third nucleic acid encoding             -   iiia) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or             -   iiib) a signal peptide for an GPI-anchor,     -   b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable         for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid,         processing of said pre-mRNA, and translation of said processed         mRNA into an immunoglobulin heavy chain, wherein said         transfected cell produces soluble immunoglobulin and         plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin by alternative splicing of         said pre-mRNA, and     -   c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin to         be said cell expressing an immunoglobulin.

In one embodiment the transmembrane domain encoded by the third nucleic acid is an immunoglobulin transmembrane domain. In one embodiment of the invention the second nucleic acid comprises only one 5′ splice donor site and only one 3′ splice acceptor site. In another embodiment of the current invention is the second nucleic acid a naturally occurring immunoglobulin heavy chain intron, which is following the exon encoding an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain, wherein in said intron at least 50 consecutive nucleotides are deleted.

For example, for the recombinant expression of immunoglobulin heavy chains in eukaryotic cells a nucleic acid either with genomic intron-exon-organization or only containing the coding regions, i.e. cDNA, is employed. In both cases the nucleic acid ends with the stop codon after the exon encoding the C-terminal domain of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The thereafter in the genomic organization succeeding introns and exons, comprising an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid and a transmembrane domain, are omitted. Therefore with such a nucleic acid only a soluble immunoglobulin heavy chain is obtained.

If for recombinant expression of immunoglobulins or fragments thereof the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene is retained at least partially, i.e. if the intron after the exon encoding the C-terminal domain (i.e. the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid) and the succeeding exon(s) encoding a transmembrane domain are retained, alternative splicing is possible. In the alternative splicing event the 3′ terminal codons and the stop codon of the CH3- or CH4-domain encoding exon, respectively, are removed as/with the intronic sequence and a different, mature mRNA is generated instead, in which the coding region, i.e. the reading frame, is elongated at its 3′ end by the additionally maintained exon(s). This mRNA is translated into a C-terminally extended immunoglobulin heavy chain which contains an additional transmembrane domain, or a fragment thereof, encoded by the additional 3′ exon(s). This elongated immunoglobulin heavy chain is incorporated during the assembly of immunoglobulins resulting in plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulins. It has now surprisingly been found that with such a nucleic acid according to the invention transfected cells producing a heterologous polypeptide can be selected. This methodology is generally applicable and is not restricted to immunoglobulins. To practice this methodology the nucleic acid for recombinant expression of a heterologous polypeptide without an in frame stop codon has to be operably linked to and in frame with the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid derived from an immunoglobulin comprising an in frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation site. The succeeding third nucleic acid is variable as well and can be selected from any nucleic acid encoding a transmembrane domain or a fragment thereof as well as from any nucleic acid encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor. These elements, i.e. the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, and the nucleic acid encoding the transmembrane domain or the signal peptide for a GPI-anchor, can be selected and combined from different genes as well as different organisms. The only prerequisite is that the three nucleic acids are combined in such a way that the translational stop codon in the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is in frame with the reading frame of the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, i.e. it can be recognized by the ribosome and translation is terminated.

Generally speaking, with the alternative splicing optionally a fraction of the C-terminus of the soluble form of the heterologous polypeptide is/may be removed from the pre-mRNA as part of an intron. This fraction encompasses optionally the 3′ terminal codons, the 3′ untranslated region, the stop codon, and the polyadenylation signal of the secreted form. Therefore, the nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site that is removed optionally overlaps/may overlap with the C-terminus of the not alternatively processed variant.

Hence, by using a nucleic acid according to the invention with an at least partially retained genomic organization of an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, two variants of a heterologous polypeptide can be obtained, a short, soluble variant and a long, plasma-membrane-bound variant.

In one embodiment wherein the first nucleic acid encodes an immunoglobulin heavy chain comprises the first nucleic acid all exons and all but one intron of the genomically organized immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. In one embodiment encodes the third nucleic acid either a fragment of a transmembrane domain or a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor, whereby the fragment of the transmembrane domain is encoded by a single exon. In another embodiment is the transmembrane domain an immunoglobulin transmembrane domain encoded by an M1-M2-exon-fusion, i.e. by a single exon without the genomically intervening intron. In one embodiment the immunoglobulin transmembrane domain is encoded by a cDNA.

By introducing a nucleic acid with an at least partially retained overall genomic organization of an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene into a host cell, a cell is obtained, that expresses on the one hand soluble heterologous polypeptide and on the other hand plasma-membrane-bound heterologous polypeptide. For example, to obtain the two immunoglobulin variants, i.e. to enable alternative splicing, it is not necessary to maintain the entire genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, i.e. all introns and exons. It is only required to maintain the alternative splice site in a functionable from. A “functionable splice site” is a nucleic acid sequence comprising a 5′ splice donor site and a 3′ splice acceptor site, thereby allowing for the excision of the interjacent nucleic acid sequence from the pre-mRNA. The recognition and excision of an intron is often regulated by additional cis-acting elements on the pre-mRNA. Due to their function and position these elements are referred to as exonic splice enhancer (ESE), exonic splice silencer (ESS), intronic splice enhancer (ISE), or intronic splice silencer (ISS), respectively (Black, D. L., Annu Rev Biochem 72 (2003) 291-336, which is incorporated by reference herein).

For the selection of transfected cells expressing a heterologous polypeptide different methods can be used, such as, without limitation, spectroscopic methods, e.g. fluorescence, ELISA and variants thereof, by assaying for the biological activity, or by employing assays that are independent of such activity, such as Western blotting, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or radioimmunoassay, using antibodies that recognize and bind to the heterologous polypeptide. Since the plasma-membrane-bound heterologous polypeptide has the same amino acid sequence and secondary structure as the soluble heterologous polypeptide except for its C-terminus, it can be determined with, e.g., the same antibodies as the soluble variant.

The plasma-membrane-bound variant of a polypeptide is firmly connected to the cell expressing it. Therefore the plasma-membrane-bound variant can be used as a marker to isolate cells that have been successfully transfected with a nucleic acid for the expression of a heterologous polypeptide or protein, e.g. an immunoglobulin. In one embodiment the polypeptide is an immunoglobulin. In one embodiment the immunoglobulin is selected from the group of IgG, IgE, and IgA.

The molecular ratio of the soluble variant of the heterologous polypeptide to the plasma-membrane-bound variant of the heterologous polypeptide is of from more than 50:50 to less than 100:0, preferably of from more than 75:25 to less than 100:0. For example, if a eukaryotic cell is transfected with a nucleic acid according to the invention encoding an immunoglobulin, successfully transfected cells can be selected by the appearance of plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin.

A nucleic acid according to the invention is a nucleic acid containing in 5′ to 3′ direction a coding region for a heterologous polypeptide, an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, and a coding region for a transmembrane domain or a fragment thereof or a coding region for a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor. In more detail, the current invention comprises a nucleic acid, comprising

-   -   a) a first nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide         without an in frame translational stop codon,     -   b) a second nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site         and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site comprising an in         frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, and     -   c) a third nucleic acid encoding         -   i) at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, or         -   ii) a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor.

In other embodiments i) the 5′ splice site of the alternatively spliced intron is located 5′ to the normal stop-codon of the nucleic acid encoding the heterologous polypeptide, ii) the second nucleic acid is an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, and iii) the 5′ splice site is used only sometimes and not constitutively, resulting in a molecular ratio of normally processed heterologous polypeptide, i.e. soluble polypeptide, to alternatively processed heterologous polypeptide, i.e. plasma-membrane-bound polypeptide, of from more than 50:50 to less than 100:0. In one embodiment the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid are operably linked, i.e. the translational stop codon of the second nucleic acid is in frame to the reading frame of the first nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or a fragment thereof.

The nucleic acid that can be removed by alternative splicing follows the nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of a polypeptide and precedes the nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain or encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor. In one embodiment the heterologous polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide comprising N-terminally a polypeptide of interest and C-terminally at least a fragment of an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain or a variant thereof. In one embodiment the nucleic acid comprises a fourth nucleic acid between the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid and/or the second nucleic acid and the third nucleic acid. That is the fourth nucleic acid is located e.g. after the second nucleic acid (i.e. after the 3′ splice acceptor site) and before the 5′ end of the third nucleic acid.

With an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid located between the nucleic acid encoding a heterologous polypeptide, and the nucleic acid encoding a transmembrane domain or encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor, two variants of the heterologous polypeptide can be expressed: a heterologous polypeptide without transmembrane domain or GPI-anchor and a heterologous polypeptide with transmembrane domain or GPI-anchor. The heterologous polypeptide can be selected from, without limitation, for example, hormones; cytokines; growth factors; receptor ligands, agonists or antagonists; cytotoxic agents; antiviral agents; imaging agents; enzyme inhibitors; enzyme activators or enzyme activity modulators such as allosteric substances; immunoglobulins; or fusions or fragments thereof. In one embodiment the polypeptide is an immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin heavy chain polypeptide, or an immunoglobulin fusion.

The invention can be practiced with any polypeptide, any transmembrane domain and any signal peptide for a GPI-anchor as long as an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid is embedded thereby. In more detail the nucleic acid fragment beginning with the 5′ splice donor site and terminated by the 3′ splice acceptor site has to be chosen properly. The preceding polypeptide and the succeeding transmembrane domain or GPI-anchor can be chosen freely.

The present invention further comprises a nucleic acid comprising

-   -   a) a first multiple cloning site,     -   b) a spliceable nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor         site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site, wherein         -   i) the spliceable nucleic acid comprises a stop codon and a             polyadenylation signal, and         -   ii) the spliceable nucleic acid is not constitutively             removed during pre-mRNA processing,     -   c) a second multiple cloning site.

The present invention can be practiced, for example, without limitation, with the second nucleic acid, i.e. the alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, derived from the group of nucleic acids encoding the C3b/C4b receptor (complement receptor type 1) (Hourcade, D., et al., J. Exp. Med. 168 (1988) 1255-1270), human, chicken, and rat EGFR (Callaghan, T., et al., Oncogene 8 (1993) 2939-2948; Reiter, J. L., and Maihle, N. J., Nuc. Acids Res. 24 (1996) 4050-4056; Petch, L., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 10 (1990) 2973-2982), immunoglobulin (Ig) α, ε, γ, μ heavy chain (Zhang, K., et al., J. Exp. Med. 176 (1992) 233-243; Rogers, J. E., et al., Cell 20 (1980) 303-312; Milcarek, C., and Hall, B., Mol. Cell Biol. 5 (1985) 2514-2520; Kobrin, B. J., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (1986) 1687-1697; Cushley, W., et al., Nature 298 (1982) 77; Alt, F. W., et al., Cell 20 (1980) 293-301; Peterson, M. L., Gene Exp. 2 (1992) 319-327), human PLA₂ receptor (Ancian, P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 8963-8970), chicken Cek5 (Connor, R. J., and Pasquale, E. B., Oncogene 11 (1995) 2429-2438), human FGFR (Johnson, D. E., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 11 (1991) 4627-4634.

In one embodiment the second nucleic acid is an intron of an immunoglobulin located between the exon encoding the C_(H)3/C_(H)4 domain and the exon encoding at least a fragment of the transmembrane domain. In one embodiment the second nucleic acid is derived from the group of nucleic acids encoding human (hu) immunoglobulin (Ig) α (alpha) heavy chain, hu Ig δ (delta) heavy chain, hu Ig ε (epsilon) heavy chain, hu Ig γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4 (gamma) heavy chain, hu Ig μ (miu) heavy chain, murine Ig heavy chain type α (alpha), murine Ig heavy chain type δ (delta), murine Ig heavy chain type ε (epsilon), murine Ig heavy chain type γ1 (gammal), murine Ig heavy chain type γ2A (gamma2A), murine Ig heavy chain type γ2B (gamma2B), murine Ig heavy chain type γ3 (gamma3), and murine Ig heavy chain type μ (miu).

In one embodiment the second nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ3 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ4 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin ε heavy chain (1), and human immunoglobulin ε heavy chain (2). In one embodiment the second nucleic acid is derived/selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding human immunoglobulin δ heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin p heavy chain, murine heavy chain type α, murine heavy chain type γ1, murine heavy chain type γ2B, murine heavy chain type γ3, and murine heavy chain type μ.

The present invention can be practiced, for example, without limitation, with the third nucleic acid, in case of the nucleic acid encoding at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding the C3b/C4b receptor (complement receptor type 1) (Hourcade, D., et al., J. Exp. Med. 168 (1988) 1255-1270), human, chicken, and rat EGFR (Callaghan, T., et al., Oncogene 8 (1993) 2939-2948; Reiter, J. L., and Maihle, N. J., Nuc. Acids Res. 24 (1996) 4050-4056; Petch, L., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 10 (1990) 2973-2982), Ig α, ε, γ, μ heavy chain (Zhang, K., et al., J. Exp. Med. 176 (1992) 233-243; Rogers, J. E., et al., Cell 20 (1980) 303-312; Milcarek, C., and Hall, B., Mol. Cell Biol. 5 (1985) 2514-2520; Kobrin, B. J., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (1986) 1687-1697; Cushley, W., et al., Nature 298 (1982) 77; Alt, F. W., et al., Cell 20 (1980) 293-301; Peterson, M. L., Gene Exp. 2 (1992) 319-327), human PLA₂ receptor (Ancian, P., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 8963-8970), chicken Cek5 (Connor, R. J., and Pasquale, E. B., Oncogene 11 (1995) 2429-2438), human FGFR (Johnson, D. E., et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 11 (1991) 4627-4634. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding human (hu) immunoglobulin (Ig) α (alpha) heavy chain, hu Ig δ (delta) heavy chain, hu Ig ε (epsilon) heavy chain, hu Ig γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4 (gamma) heavy chain, hu Ig μ (miu) heavy chain, murine Ig heavy chain type α (alpha), murine Ig heavy chain type δ (delta), murine Ig heavy chain type ε (epsilon), murine Ig heavy chain type γ1 (gammal), murine Ig heavy chain type γ2A (gamma2A), murine Ig heavy chain type γ2B (gamma2B), murine Ig heavy chain type γ3 (gamma3), and murine Ig heavy chain type μ (miu). In one embodiment the third nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ3 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ4 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin ε heavy chain (1), and human immunoglobulin ε heavy chain (2). In one embodiment the third nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding human immunoglobulin δ heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy chain, human immunoglobulin μ heavy chain, murine heavy chain type α, murine heavy chain type γ1, murine heavy chain type γ2B, murine heavy chain type γ3, and murine heavy chain type μ.

In addition to the group of nucleic acids encoding at least a fragment of a transmembrane domain, can the third nucleic acid be selected from the group of nucleic acids encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor. The group of nucleic acids encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor comprises the group of nucleic acids encoding a signal peptide for a GPI-anchor derived from human alkaline diesterase, acetylcholine esterase, alkaline phosphatase (intestinal, liver, and placenta), CAMPATH-1 antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD55, CD59, CD90, contactin-1, E48 antigen, folate receptor A and B, GPI-anchored protein p137, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3, mDIA interacting protein, 5′-nucleotidase, urokinase plasminogen activator factor; from murine LY-6C antigen, LY-6 antigen, 5′-nucleotidase, OX45 antigen, stem cell antigen-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, Qa lymphocyte antigen 2 (Qa2); from rabbit trehalase; from rat brevican protein, CD90, glypican protein, heparin sulfate proteoglycan, MRC OX-45 antigen, 5′-nucleotidase, pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein, T-cell surface protein RT6.2; from yeast DNA repair protein PHR1, glycophospholipid-anchored surface protein 1; from porcine amyloid precursor protein, dipeptidase; from Trypanosoma brucei diverse variant surface proteins, polycyclic acidic repetitive protein; from Trypanosoma congolense variant surface protein YNat 1.1; from chicken melanotransferrin, neutral cell adhesion molecule; from Torpedo marmorata acetylcholine esterase; from hamster prion protein; from bovine 5′-nucleotidase; from slime mold membrane protein Gp64, pre-spore specific antigen; and from squid Sgp1, Sgp2.

In Table 1 examples of the nucleic acid sequences of the second nucleic acid, according to the invention are given. In Table 2 examples of nucleic acid sequences of the third nucleic acid according to the invention and of amino acid sequences corresponding to third nucleic acid sequences according to the invention are given. In Table 3 examples of nucleic acid sequences of the optional fourth nucleic acid and of amino acid sequences corresponding to fourth optional nucleic acids according to the invention are listed.

Table 1 lists the 5′ splice donor site, the second (alternatively spliceable) nucleic acid, and the 3′ splice acceptor site. As the sequence of the second nucleic acid generally exceeds 1 kb the listed sequences in Table 1 are shortened and show approximately the first and last 100 nucleotides of the second nucleic acid separated by a number referring to the total size of the complete second nucleic acid. The complete sequence of the second nucleic acid is contained in the given SEQ ID NO of the sequence listing. The stop codon is underlined.

The splice donor site is given in a format comprising the preceding consensus sequence of the splice donor site and the first six nucleotides of the second nucleic acid separated by a vertical line (see also e.g. Zhang, M. Q., Human Mol. Gen. 7 (1998) 919-932). Likewise is the splice acceptor site given by listing the last 6 nucleotides of the second nucleic acid and the succeeding splice acceptor site consensus sequence which are separated by a vertical line. The nucleotides directly after (5′ splice donor site) and directly before (3′ splice acceptor site) the vertical line are the first and last nucleotides of the second (spliceable) nucleic acid. The stop codon in the second nucleic acid is underlined in Table 1.

The second nucleic acid can either be directly linked to the nucleic acid encoding the heterologous polypeptide, i.e. the first nucleic acid, or with an optional small (9 to 21 bases) intervening nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment the optional intervening (fifth) nucleic acid is derived from the nucleic acid preceding the second nucleic acid in the genome from which said second nucleic acid is obtained.

In Table 2 examples of third nucleic acid sequences encoding fragments of transmembrane domains and amino acid sequences of signal peptides for GPI-anchors are listed. This sequence can follow either directly or with an optional intervening sequence, i.e. a fourth nucleic acid, the 3′ splice acceptor site. In Table 3 examples of fourth nucleic acid sequences and of amino acid sequences corresponding to fourth nucleic acids are listed.

In one embodiment the nucleic acid according to the invention comprises a fourth nucleic acid between said second nucleic acid and said third nucleic acid. In one embodiment the nucleic acid according to the invention comprises a fifth nucleic acid between said first nucleic acid and said second nucleic acid. One embodiment of the current invention is that said third nucleic acid is obtained from i) the same, or ii) a different gene or organism as said second nucleic acid, i.e. said third nucleic acid is not necessarily organized with said second nucleic acid in a genome.

The sequences are derived from publicly available genomes or databases (e.g. human genome project, mouse genome database, SwissProt. Where no annotation was accessible, the sequences have been predicted or completed by the software ALOM (see e.g. Klein, P., et al, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 787 (1984) 221-226). In case of complete of transmembrane domains the sequence in brackets is predicted by ALOM in addition to the given SwissProt sequence.

In one embedment the second nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids comprising SEQ ID NO: 001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 008, 009, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 169, 170, 171, 172,173. In one embodiment the second nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 001 to SEQ ID NO: 009. In one embodiment the second nucleic acid is selected from the group of nucleic acids comprising SEQ ID NO: 002, 003, 156, 157, 170, and 171. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from or is a fragment of a nucleic acid selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 010 to SEQ ID NO: 018 and of nucleic acid sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 019 to SEQ ID NO: 069. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from or is a fragment of a nucleic acid selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 010, 011, 012, 013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 174, 175, 176, and of nucleic acid sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 019 to SEQ ID NO: 069 and 162. In one embodiment the third nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from or is a fragment of a nucleic acid selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 011, 012, 165, 166, 175 and of nucleic acid sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 019 to SEQ ID NO: 036. In another embodiment the third nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from or is a fragment of a nucleic acid selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 011, 012, 165, 166, and 175. In one embodiment the fourth nucleic acid of the nucleic acid according to the invention is selected from or comprises a nucleic acid selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 070 to SEQ ID NO: 078 and of nucleic acid sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 079 to SEQ ID NO: 129.

TABLE 1 Examples of second nucleic acids. 3′ splice 5′ splice acceptor protein donor site second nucleic acid (spliceable nucleic acid) site human GCT| GTGAGTCACCCCCAGGCCCAGGGTTGGGACGGGGACTC TGA GGGGGGCCATAAG CCCCAG|A immunoglobulin δ GTGAGT GAGCTGGAATCCATACTAGGCAGGGGTGGGCACTGGGCAGGGGCGGG heavy chain . . . (2.77 kb total) . . . GACTCGCCGTCATTTCAGCTCCACGCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGTGGAGGGGTAGCCT GGCCCTCATGACCAGGGAGCTTCTCACTCAGCCCCTGTTCCTCCCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 001) human CGG| GTAAA TGA GTGCCACGGCCGGCAAGCCCCCGCTCCCCAGGCTCTCGGGGTCGCG GTCCAG|A immunoglobulin GTAAAT CGAGGATGCTTGGCACGTACCCCGTGTACATACTTCCCAGGCACCC γ1 heavy chain . . . (1.3 kb total) . . . CCCGGCCGGGCCCTACATCCTGGGTCCTGCCACAGAGGGAATCACCCCCAGAGG CCCAAGCCCAGGGGGACACAGCACTGACCACCCCCTTCCTGTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 002) human CGG| GTAAA TGA GTGCCACGGCCGGCAAGCCCCCGCTCCCCAGGCTCTCGGGGTCGCG GTCCAG|A immunoglobulin GTAAAT CGAGGATGCTTGGCACGTACCCCGTCTACATACTTCCCGGGCACCC γ2 heavy chain . . . (1.3 kb total) . . . CCCGGCCGGGCCCTACATCCTGGGTCCTGCCACAGAGGGAATCACCCCCAGAGG CCCGAGCCCAGCAGGACACAGTATTGACCACCCACTTCCTGTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 003) human CCG| GTAAACCCACCCTGTACAACGTGTCCCTGGTCATGTCCGACACAGCTGGCACCTG CTGCAG|A immunoglobulin μ GTAAAC CTAC TGA CCCTGCTGGCCTGCCCACAGGCTCGGGGCGGCTGGCC heavy chain . . . (1.9 kb total) . . . GCCTAGGGGCCAAGGGTGGGCCTAGAGGATGGGCCCCGGGGGGGCTTTGCTGG GTGCCACCCCAGCCTGACCCTATTCCCCCGTGCTGTGTCTCCTGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 004) murine Ig heavy CGG| GTAAACCCACCAATGTCAGCGTGTCTGTGATCATGTCAGAGGGAGATGGCATCTG TTACAG|A chain type α GTAAAC CTAC TGA GCCACCCTGCCTGTCCCTACTCCTGAAATAAACTCTGT . . . (2.43 kb total) . . . CCACTGTCCCCAAAGCCCAAGGAGGCATAGAAGCAGAAACCTTAAGTCTGAGCCC CCATCCCCATGGGTTTGGATCTAGAAGGTCATCTATGTCTTACAG (SEQ ID NO: 005) murine Ig heavy TTG| GTAACACCTCCCTCCATCCCTCCTAGGCCTCCATGTAGCTGTGGTGGGGAAGGTG TTGAAG|A chain type ε (2) GTAACA GATGACAGACATCCGCTCACTGTTGTAACACCAGGAAGCTACCCCAATAAACACT CAGTGCCTGATTAGAGCCCTGGGT . . . (1.7 kb total) . . . ACTGGCTGGTCCCACCCCATCCCAGAGCTAGACCTCCAGGACCTATGTATTGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 173) murine Ig CTG| GTAAA TGA TCCCAGTGTCCTTGGAGCCCTCTGGTCCTACAGGACTCTGACACCTAC GTCCAG|G heavy chain GTAAAT CTCCACCCCTCCCTGTGTAAATAAAGCACCCAGCACTGCCTTGG type γ 1 . . . (1.4 kb total) . . . CTGCAGCTTTCTCCTGGGCCTCCATACAGCCTCCTGCCACACAGGGAATGGCCCTA GCCCCACCTTATTGGGACAAACACTGACCGCCCTCTCTGTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 006) murine Ig CGG| GTAAA TGA GCTCAGCACCCACAAAGCTCTCAGGTCCTAAGAGACACTGGCACCCAT GTTCAG|G heavy chain GTAAAT ATCCATGCATCCCTTGTATAAATAAAGCATCCAGCAAAGCCTGG type γ2B . . . (1.36 kb total) . . . AGATCTCTCCTCTGACTTCATGCAGACATGTCTGCCTCACAGGGAATCTCTCCCAG CATCAACCATGTTGGGACAAACACTGACTGTCCTCTCTGTTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 007) murine Ig CTG| GTAAA TGA GAACAGCACCTAGCCATTCCTCGGGTCTTACAAGACACTGATACCAGC GTTCAG|A heavy chain GTAAAT CCTAACCGGTGAACCCTATAAATAAAGCACCCAGAGATGGGACC type γ3 . . . (total 1.47 kb) . . . CTGCAGCTTTCTCCTGGGCCTCCATGCAGCCTCCTGCCACACAGGGAATGGCCCT AGCTCTACCTTGTTGGGACAAACACTGACTTTCCTCTCTGTTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 008) murine Ig CTG| GTAAACCCACACTGTACAATGTCTCCCTGATCATGTCTGACACAGGCGGCACCTGC TCATAG|A heavy chain GTAAAC TATTGACCATGCTAGCGCTCAACCAGGCAGGCCCTGGGTGTCCA type μ . . . (total 1.86 kb) . . . GTCAATACTCGCTAAGATTCTCCAGAACCATCAGGGCACCCCAACCCTTATGCAAA TGCTCAGTCACCCCAAGACTTGGCTTGACCCTCCCTCTCTGTGTCCCTTCATAG (SEQ ID NO: 009) human AAG| GTACACACTGTAACTTCTCCTCTCGATGTCCTGCCCTCGCCACGGGCAC.GGGGGG ACTCAG|C fibroblast GTACAC AGCATGCATTTCCAGGCTTGGGGAGACACAGAGGCAGGAGAGCTGGAAGAATGGG growth factor CTCCTGCCTGCCTGGTGCCACATCCTGCCCCAGCTTTGAGGGCTGAATCCTCTCAG receptor 1 CTCAGA . . . (2 kb total) . . . CATGGACGGGGCCCTCCAAGCCTGCTAACACCCTGTTCGCACTGACTCAG SEQ ID NO: 151) murine epithelial TGG| GTACG TTCAATGGCAGTGGATCTTAAAGACCTTTTGGATCTAAGA CCAGAAGCCA TTCCAG|G growth factor GTACGT TCTCTGACTCCCCTCTCACC receptor . . . (2.7 kb total) . . . GTATGGAATG CCCATATTAC CTTCTCTTGTCTCTCATTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 152) human AGG| GGGTGAGTTGGCAGCAACATCTCTTGGTTTAAGAGTTCCAGCACAGCGATAGTACT CTTTAG|G complement GTGAGT TTCTAGCCACATCTCAGCAAGGAAACTAGGCTATTGCCACCTGCTCTTAAGAGGCT receptor 1 TGAACACA (C3b/C4b) . . . (5.7 kb total) . . . TAGACTTCTCCTGCATTGTAATCCCTCTGGTTTGCCACATATGCATGCTGTCAGGA AGTTGATGAGGTATGTACAGCACAATTTATTTTCCATTTTTTGCCTTTAG (SEQIDNO: 153) murine ACC| GTGAGTATCAGGGTCGTAGGCTGTGAGGATCTCTACAGCCG TTGCAG|A interleukin 4 GTGAGT . . . (1.3 kb total) . . . receptor GGGCGGCCTCCCCATTCATGACTGTTTTTCTCCTTGCAG (SEQIDNO: 154) human CGG| GTAAACCCACCCATGTCAATGTGTCTGTTGTCATGGCGGAGGTGGACGGCACCTG TGGCAG|G immunoglobulin GTAAAC CTACTGAGCCGCCCGCCTGTCCCCACCCCTGAATAAACTCCATGCTCCCCCAAGCA α heavy chain GCCCCACGCTT . . . (2.6 kb total) . . . CCCAAGGAAGCATAGCCGCTGTTCACACGAGTCTGGGCCTGGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 155) human CCG| GTAAATGACGTACTCCTGCCTCCCTCCCTCCCAGGGCTCCATCCAGCTGTG CCTCAG|G immunoglobulin GTAAAT . . . (1.9 kb total) ε heavy chain (1) CGTTGACTGACTCGGGACCTGGGTGCCCACCCTCAG (SEQIDNO: 156) murine GTG| GTAAGTCACAACTGGGTAAGAGTGTCAAGCAAGGACAGCACTTGGTACCTATGATA CCCTAG|G immunoglobulin GTAAGT GACAAATACTCCTGTTTGGGAAGAGGAGGTCTGCATTGTCTAGATAAGAGGAACAC δ heavy chain TGTGCTTATCTGTTTCAGTTTAAAAGACAGAACTACATAACACTTCACCCTTTCTAC AACACTTAGATTTTTCAGCCCTCTCCTCTA . . . (6.35 kb total) . . . TTCTGTAGGGTGGAGACCTTCTCATGAGCACTAGTTCTTCCCTAG (SEQ ID NO: 172) human CCG| GTAAATGACGT ACTCCTGCCT CCCTCCCTCC CAGGGCTCCA TCCAGCTGTG CCCCAG|A immunoglobulin GTAAAT . . . (2.1 kb total) ε heavy chain (2) GCCACTGTGG AGCCGGGAGG GCTGACTGGC CAGGTCCCCC AG (SEQ ID NO: 170) human CGG| GTAAATGAGTGCGACGGCCGGCAAGCCCCCGCTCCCCGGGCTCTC GTCCAG|A immunoglobulin GTAAAT . . . (1.3 kb total) γ3 heavy chain CCCCAGAGGCCCGAGCCCAGCAGGACACAGCACTGACCACCCTCTTCCTGTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 157) human TGG| GTAAATGAGTGCCAGGGCCGGCAAGCCCCCGCTCCCCGGGCTCTCGGGGTCGCGC GTCCAG|A immunoglobulin GTAAAT GAGGATGCTTGGCACGTACCCCGTGTACATACTTC γ4 heavy chain . . . (1.3 kb total) CCCCAGAGGCCCAAGCCCAGGGGGACACAGCACTGACCACCCCCTTCCTGTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 171) murine Ig heavy TTG| GTAACACCTCCCTCCATCCCTCCTAGGCCTCCATGTAGCTGTGGTGGGGAAGGTG TTGAAG|A chain type ε (1) GTAACA GATGACAGACATCCGCTCACTGTTGTAACACCAGGAAGCTACCCCAATAAACACTC AGTGCCTGATTAGAGCCCTGGGT . . . (1.5 kb total) . . . CCACTCTAGCTTCATCAGAACTGCATGAGACAAGTATGGGGTCTACCCCCTCCCCA CTGTCACCTGGAGTCTGGGGAAGCTAACTGGCTGGTCCCACCCCATCCCAGAGCT AGACCTCCAGGACCTATGTATTGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 158) murine Ig heavy TGG| GTAAATGAGCTCAGCACACACAATGCTCCTGGGTCCTAATGGACACTGGCACCCAT GTTCAG|G chain type γ2A GTAAAT ATCCATGCATCCCTTGTATAAATAAAGCACCCAGCAAAGCCTGGGACCATGTAAAA CTGT . . . (1.35 kb total) . . . GAAGGCTCCAGGAAGGGTCTGCTGTACCAGTCAGGCTGGAGCTCTCTCCTCTACT TCATGCAAACATGTCTGCATCACAGGGAATCTCTCCCAGCACCAACCATGTTGGGA CAAACACTGACTGTCCTCTCTGTTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 159) Human ACT| GTGAGTATCAAGAGGCCTAAGCAATGGTAATCTCCACTCTCCATTCTTCCCCTG TTCCAG|C interleukin 4 GTGAGT . . . (3.1 kb total) . . . receptor GGAGCCCAGGCTGTACCATGGCTGACCTCAGCTCATGGCTTCCCCTCCCACTTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 169)

TABLE 2 Examples of third nucleic acids and amino acids corresponding to third nucleic acids. SEQ ID source nucleotide or amino acid sequence NO: human immunoglobulin δ heavy AGCCTGTGGACCACCCTGTCCACGTTTGT 010 chain/transmembrane strech GGCCCTCTTCATCCTCACCCTCCTCTACAG CGGCATTGTCACTTTCATCAAGGTGAAG human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy GGGCTGTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 011 chain/transmembrane strech CACACTCTTCCTGTTAAGCGTGTGCTACAG TGCCACCGTCACCTTCTTC human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy GGGCTGTGGACCACCATCACCATCTTCAT 012 chain/transmembrane strech CACACTCTTCCTGCTAAGCGTGTGCTACA GTGCCACCATCACCTTCTTC human immunoglobulin μ heavy AACCTGTGGGCCACCGCCTCCACCTTCAT 013 chain/transmembrane strech CGTCCTCTTCCTCCTGAGCCTCTTCTACAG TACCACCGTCACCTTGTTCAAG murine Ig heavy chain type α/ ACTGTGACCTTCCTCACCCTCTTCCTACTG 014 transmembrane strech AGCTTGTTCTACAGCACAGCACTCACTGTT ACA murine Ig heavy chain type γ1/ GGGCTCTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 015 transmembrane strech CAGCCTCTTCCTGCTCAGTGTGTGC(TACA GCGCTGCTGTCACACTCTTCAAGGTA murine Ig heavy chain type γ2B/ GGGCTCTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 016 transmembrane strech CAGCCTCTTCCTGCTCAGCGTGTGC(TACA GCGCCTCTGTCACACTCTTC) murine Ig heavy chain type γ3/ GGGCTCTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 017 transmembrane strech CAGCCTCTTCCTGCTCAGCGTGTGCTACA GCGCCTCTGTCACCCTCTTC murine Ig heavy chain type μ/ (AACCTGTGGACCACTGCCTCCACC)TTCA 018 transmembrane strech TCGTCCTCTTCCTCCTGAGCCTCTTCTACA GCACCACCGTCACCCTGTTC(AAGGTG) human acetylcholine esterase/GPI- GEAARRPGLPLPLLLLHQLLLLFLSHLRRL 019 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human alkaline phosphatase DAAHPVAASLPLLAGTLLLLGASAAP 020 (intestinal)/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human alkaline phosphatase (liver)/ SSAGSLAAGPLLVALALYPLSVLF 021 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human alkaline phosphatase DAAHPGRSVVPALLPLLAGTLLLLETATAP 022 (placenta)/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human CAMPATH-1 antigen/GPI- SASSNISGGIFLFFVANAIIHLFCFS 023 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human carcinoembryonic antigen/ ASGTSPGLSAGATVGIMIGVLVGVALI 024 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human CD55 (decay accelerating SGTTRLLSGHTCFTLTGLLGTLVTMGLLT 025 factor)/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human CD59/GPI-anchor signal NGGTSLSEKTVLLLVTPFLAAAWSLHP 026 peptide without optional linker peptide human CD90 (Thy-1) antigen/GPI- CEGISLLAQNTSWLLLLLLSLSLLQATDFMSL 027 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human contactin-1 (CNTN1)/GPI- SGAPTLSPSLLGLLLPAFGILV 028 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human E48 antigen/GPI-anchor DLCNEKLHNAAPTRTALAHSALSLGLALSLLA 029 signal peptide without optional linker VILAPSL peptide human folate receptor A/GPI-anchor SGAGPWAAWPFLLSLALMLLWLLS 030 signal peptide without optional linker peptide human folate receptor B/GPI-anchor NAGEMLHGTGGLLLSLALMLQLWLLG 031 signal peptide without optional linker peptide human GPI-anchored protein p137/ ARGLMNGYRGPAMDSEEDMMVTALHSLTL 032 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide QTVVIHSLSSVLPGITLAIN human lymphocyte function- SSGHSRHRYALIPIPLAVITTCIVLYMNVL 033 associated antigen-3/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human mDIA interacting protein SGASSLHRHFGLLLASLAPLVLCLSLL 034 (DIP)/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human 5′-nucleotidase/GPI-anchor STGSHCHGSFSLIFLSLWAVIFVLYQ 035 signal peptide without optional linker peptide human urokinase plasminogen GAAPQPGPAHLSLTITLLMTARLWGGTLLWT 036 activator factor/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide murine cell surface protein LY-6C NAAVPTGASTWTMAGVLLFSLSSVILQTLL 037 antigen/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide murine Ly-6 antigen ThB/GPI- NERLVSAAPGHALLSSVTLGLATSLSLLTVMA 038 anchor signal peptide without optional LCL linker peptide murine 5′-nucleotidase/GPI-anchor SAASHYQGSFPLVILSLSAVIFVLYQ 039 signal peptide without optional linker peptide murine OX45 antigen (BCM-1 or SSGVCWTATWLVVTTLIIHRILLT 040 Blast-1)/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide murine stem cell antigen 2/GPI- NFSAAGLGLRASIPLLGLGLLLSLLALLQLSP 041 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide murine vascular cell adhesion AKSFYFICYLCLYLAL 042 molecule 1/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat brevican protein/GPI-anchor GNSAEGSMPAFLLFLLLQLWDT 043 signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat CD90 (Thy-1) antigen/GPI- CGGISLLVQNTSWLLLLLLSLSFLQATDFISL 044 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat glypican protein/GPI-anchor SAATRPEPHYFFLLFLFTLVLAAARPRWR 045 signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat MRC OX-45 antigen/GPI-anchor SSGVHWIAAWLVVTLSIIPSILLA 046 signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat 5′-nucleotidase/GPI-anchor signal SAASHYQGSFPLIILSFWAVILVLYQ 047 peptide without optional linker peptide rat pancreatic secretory granule RNTGFLLAWPTFFLPVFLAWLF 048 membrane major glycoprotein GP2/ GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide rat T-cell surface protein RT6.2/GPI- SSAGARESCVSLFLVVLPSLLVQLLCLAEP 049 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide yeast DNA repair protein PHR1/GPI- SSGVKATQQMSMVKLVSIITIVTAFVGGMSV 050 anchor signal peptide without optional VF linker peptide yeast glycophospholipid-anchored NAATNVKANLAQVVFTSIISLSIAAGVGFALV 051 surface protein 1/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide porcine amyloid precursor protein/ ARAAPTTSLGSLMTVSALAILGWSV 052 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide porcine dipeptidase/GPI-anchor SAAPSLHLPPGSLLASLVPLLLLSLP 053 signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface SNSFVIHKAPLFLAFLLF 054 protein IL Tat 1.1/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface DSSILVTKKFALTVVSAAFVALLF 055 protein MIT 117a/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface NGSFLTSKQFAFSVVSAAFVALLF 056 protein MIT 118a/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface SNSFVISKTPLWLAVLLF 057 protein MIT 221/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface DGSFLVNKKFALMVYDFVSLLAF 058 protein MITat 1.1000 BC/GPI- anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface NGSFLTSKQFALMVSAAFVTLLF 059 protein MITat 1.5b/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei procyclic acidic GAATLKSVALPFAIAAAALVAAF 060 repetitive protein/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma brucei variant surface SNSFVINKAPLLLGFLLF 061 protein TxTat 1/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Trypanosoma congolense variant SGSSHGTKAIRSILHVALLM 062 surface protein YNat 1.1/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide chicken melanotransferrin/GPI- AGNKLIQQHLLVITFVPFIILGQLQGLG 063 anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide chicken neural cell adhesion molecule/ ATLGSPSTSSSFVSLLLSAVTLLLLC 064 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide Torpedo marmorata acetylcholine SSSGTSSSKGIIFYVLFSILYLIFY 065 esterase/GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide hamster prion protein/GPI-anchor SSAVLFSSPPVILLISFLIFLMVG 066 signal peptide without optional linker peptide bovine 5′-nucleotidase/GPI-anchor SAGSHCCGSFSLIFLSVLAVIIILYQ 067 signal peptide without optional linker peptide slime mold membrane protein Gp64/ SSATTIAFNAFVVFAIVLSVLLF 068 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide slime mold pre-spore specific antigen/ GSASTVVASLSLIIFSMILSLC 069 GPI-anchor signal peptide without optional linker peptide human fibroblast growth factor TCGCCCCTGTACCTGGAGATCATCATCTAT 160 receptor 1 TGCACAGGGGCCTTCCTCATCTCCTGCAT GGTGGGGTCGGTCATCGTCTAC murine epithelial growth factor AAGATACCATCTATTGCCACTGGGATTGT 161 receptor GGGTGGCCTCCTCTTCATAGTGGTGGTGG CCCTTGGGATTGGCCTATTCATGCGAAGA CGT human complement receptor 1 THDALIVGTLSGTIFFILLIIFLSWIILK 162 (C3b/C4b) human interleukin receptor 4 TTCGAGCAGCACCTCCTGCTGGGCGTCAG 174 CGTTTCCTGCATTGTCA TCCTGGCCGTCTGCCTGTTGTGCTATGTC AGCATCACCAA-GATTAAG murine interleukin 4 receptor CGCCTTCCACTGGGGGTCACCATCTCCTG 163 CCTCTGCATCCCGTTGTTTTGCCTGTTCTG TTACTTCAGCATTACCAAGATT human immunoglobulin α heavy ACCATCACCTTCCTCACCCTCTTCCTGCTG 164 chain/transmembrane strech AGCCTGTTCTATAGCACAGCACTGACCGT GACC human immunoglobulin ε heavy chain/ TGGACGTGGACCGGCCTCTGCATCTTCGC 165 transmembrane strech CGCACTCTTCCTGCTCAGCGTGAGCTACA GCGCCGCCATCACGCTCCTCATGGTGCAG human immunoglobulin γ3 heavy GGGCTGTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 166 chain/transmembrane strech CACACTCTTCCTGTTAAGCGTGTGCTACAG TGCCACCGTCACCTTCTTC human immunoglobulin γ4 heavy GGGCTGTGGACGACCATCACCATCTTCAT 175 chain/transmembrane strech CACACTCTTCCTGCTAAGCGTGTGCTACA GTGCCACCGTCACCTTCTTC murine Ig heavy chain type ε/ GAGCTGTGGACCAGTATTTGTGTCTTCATC 167 transmembrane strech ACCCTGTTCCTGCTCAGTGTGAGCTATGG GGCCACTGTCACCGTCCTC murine Ig heavy chain type δ/ GGCCTGTGGCCCACAATGTGCACCTTCGT 176 transmembrane strech GGCCCTCTTCCTGCTCACACTGCTCTACA GTGGCTTCGTCACCTTCATCAAGGTA murine Ig heavy chain type γ2A/ GGGCTCTGGACAACCATCACCATCTTCAT 168 transmembrane strech CAGCCTCTTCCTGCTCAGCGTGTGTTACA GCGCCTCTGTCACACTCTTC

TABLE 3 Examples of fourth nucleic acids and amino acids corresponding to fourth nucleic acids. nucleotide or amino acid SEQ ID source sequence NO: human immunoglobulin δ heavy chain ACCTGGCCATGACCCCCCTGA 070 TCCC human immunoglobulin γ1 heavy chain AGCTGCAACTGGAGGAGAGC 071 TGTGCGGAG human immunoglobulin γ2 heavy chain AGCTGCAACTGGAGGAGAGC 072 TGTGCGGAGGCGC human immunoglobulin μ heavy chain AGGGGGAGGTGAGCGCCGAC 073 GAGGA murine Ig heavy chain type α AACGTCAAGAGCCACTTTCCT 074 ATGTGCTACT murine Ig heavy chain type γ1 GGCTGCAACTGGACGAGACC 075 TGTGCTGAGGCCCAGGACGG GGAGCTGG murine Ig heavy chain type γ2B GGCTAGACCTGGATGATATCT 076 GTGCTG murine Ig heavy chain type γ3 AGCTGGAACTGAATGAGACCT 077 GT murine Ig heavy chain type μ AGGGGGAGGTGAATGCTGAG 078 GAGGAAGGCTTTG human acetylcholine esterase GFTH 079 human alkaline phosphatase (intestinal) ACTT 080 human alkaline phosphatase (liver) CAPA 081 human alkaline phosphatase (placenta) AGTT 082 human CAMPATH-1 antigen TSSP 083 human carcinoembryonic antigen ITVS 084 human CD55 (decay accelerating factor) SGTT 085 human CD59 EQLE 086 human CD90 (Thy-1) antigen KLVK 087 human contactin-1 (CNTN1) QVKI 088 human E48 antigen CCQE 089 human folate receptor A AAAM 090 human folate receptor B AMHV 091 human GPI-anchored protein p137 GSRG 092 human lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 TCIP 093 human mDIA interacting protein (DIP) YGYS 094 human 5′-nucleotidase RIKF 095 human urokinase plasminogen activator factor QYRS 096 murine cell surface protein LY-6C antigen EDLC 097 murine Ly-6 antigen ThB TDLC 098 murine 5′-nucleotidase RIKF 099 murine OX45 antigen (BCM-1 or Blast-1) DLAR 100 murine stem cell antigen 2 SSFC 101 murine vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 HLMF 102 rat brevican protein/GPI-anchor APSS 103 rat CD90 (Thy-1) antigen KLVK 104 rat glypican protein GQKT 105 rat MRC OX-45 antigen TLAR 106 rat 5′-nucleotidase RIKF 107 rat pancreatic secretory granule membrane NGTP 108 major glycoprotein GP2 rat T-cell surface protein RT6.2 NCLY 109 yeast DNA repair protein PHR1 GSSS 110 yeast glycophospholipid-anchored surface SSKK 111 protein 1/GPI-anchor porcine amyloid precursor protein EPLS 112 porcine dipeptidase NYGY 113 Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein IL NTTG 114 Tat 1.1 Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein MIT NACK 115 117a Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein MIT EKCR 116 118a Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein MIT TTGS 117 221 Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein EKCC 118 MITat 1.1000 BC Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein EDCR 119 MITat 1.5b Trypanosoma brucei procyclic acidic repetitive EPEP 120 protein Trypanosoma brucei variant surface protein NTTA 121 TxTat 1 Trypanosoma congolense variant surface protein SHLP 122 YNat 1.1 chicken melanotransferrin QCSG 123 chicken neural cell adhesion molecule TVIP 124 Torpedo marmorata acetylcholine esterase DGEL 125 hamster prion protein DGRR 126 bovine 5′-nucleotidase RIQF 127 slime mold membrane protein Gp64 NNVC 128 slime mold pre-spore specific antigen STTT 129

In one embodiment is the polypeptide an immunoglobulin heavy chain and the transmembrane domain is that of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. For the expression of an immunoglobulin the nucleic acid of the current invention is introduced together with a nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin light chain into a eukaryotic host cell. These nucleic acids can be located on the same nucleic acid or on different nucleic acids.

The invention encompasses a vector comprising the nucleic acid of the invention as well as a eukaryotic cell comprising the vector of the invention.

The soluble variant of the heterologous polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid according to the invention can be produced by transfecting a eukaryotic cell with the nucleic acid of the invention, culturing the cell under conditions suitable for the expression of the polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid, and recovering the polypeptide from the cytoplasm of the cells or the culture medium.

For the manufacture of a eukaryotic cell according to the invention a kit is provided. The kit comprises a vector containing at least two multiple cloning sites and a spliceable nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site, wherein i) the nucleic acid comprises a translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, and ii) the nucleic acid is not constitutively removed during pre-mRNA processing.

In one embodiment the eukaryotic cell of the invention is a mammalian cell. In one embodiment the mammalian cell is a cell selected from the group comprising CHO cells, NS0 cells, Sp2/0 cells, COS cells, K652 cells, BHK cells, PER.C6® cells and HEK cells.

The following examples, sequence listing and figures are provided to aid the understanding of the present invention, the true scope of which is set forth in the appended claims. It is understood that modifications can be made in the procedures set forth without departing from the spirit of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Plasmid cards of the sIgG/mIgG expression vector pmIgG-A (A), the sIgG/mIgG expression vector pmIgGΔ-A (B), and the sIgG expression vector pIgG-A (C). The depicted vector elements are described in detail in the text.

FIG. 2: Schematic depiction of the exon intron structures of the gamma chain expression cassettes.

-   -   A: Structure of the gamma 1 chain constant region in the         expression vector pmIgG-A. The approx. 7.2 kb DNA fragment is         displayed as a black line. Exons are represented by clear boxes         with their designations indicated above. The position of the         polyadenylation site for the secreted form [p(A)s] and for the         membrane bound form [p(A)_(M)] of the IgG are displayed by black         bars. The numbering of the introns and the 3′UTR are indicated         below the diagram. The relative positions of the Sph I         restriction site in intron 6 and the mutated Sph I site in the         3′UTR (in parentheses) are shown.     -   B: Structure of the approx. 4.8 kb hybrid gamma 1—gamma 3—gamma         4 chain constant region in the expression vector pmIgGΔ-A as         depicted in A. Additionally the diagram indicates the regions         derived from the three immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma gene         loci (IGHG1, IGHG3, and IGHG4).

FIG. 3: Correlation of IgG secretion and cell surface signal in clones expressing mIgG. Six independent clones of Sp2/0-Ag14 cells transfected with the plasmid pmIgG-A (left), pmIgGΔ-A (middle), or pIgG-A as control (right) are cultivated for 48 hours under defined conditions. The median fluorescence intensity in flow cytometry as a measure of the amount of IgG bound to the plasma membrane is represented by grey bars. The concentration of secreted IgG in the corresponding cell culture supernatants is represented by black diamonds.

FIG. 4: Typical FL1/FSC dot plot used for sorting of cells on a FACS Vantage flow cytometer (BD). The gate R1 comprises 5.7% of the depicted live cell population that has been gated by a FSC/SSC dot plot before. Cells falling into R1 were collected during sorting process.

FIG. 5: Determination of specific production rates. The clones 5B11, B3 and J5-H3 were cultivated in spinner flasks for 92 hours.

-   -   A: Cell growth. At the indicated time points after starting the         spinner cultures the cell count of each clone was measured with         a CASY cell counter.     -   B: IgG production. At the indicated time points (as in A) the         IgG concentrations in the cell culture supernatants were         determined by protein A affinity chromatography.     -   C: Specific production rates. The bar chart shows the average         specific production rate for each clone calculated from the cell         counts and IgG measurements within the first 69 hours (see Table         2 and see text for further details). The standard deviations are         indicated by error bars.

FIG. 6: Immunofluorescence microscopy. The clone 5B11 (images 1, 4), expressing secreted sIgG and membrane bound mIgG, the clone J5-H3 (images 2, 5), expressing secreted sIgG only, or untransfected Sp2/0-Ag14 cells (images 3, 6), were labeled for IgG on the cell surface (images 1-3), or intracellular IgG (images 4-6), and images recorded at an Axiophot fluorescence microscope.

FIG. 7: Analysis of mRNA by Northern blot.

-   -   A: Autoradiography of a Northern blot hybridized with [α-³²P]         labeled probe A (lanes 1-3) or probe B (lanes 4-6). In each lane         10 μg total RNA isolated from clone 5B11 (lanes 1, 4), clone         J5-H3 (lanes 2, 5) or untransfected Sp2/0-Ag14 cells (lanes 3,         6), was separated by denaturating agarose gel electrophoresis         and transferred to a nylon membrane.     -   B: Schematic depiction of the two mRNA isoforms encoding the         heavy chain of membrane bound mIgG or secreted sIgG. The exons         are represented by boxes. The regions complementary to the         probes A and B are marked with black bars.

FIG. 8: Immunoblot analysis of IgG heavy chain isoforms. The clones 5B11 (lanes 1, 4), J5-H3 (lanes 2, 5) or untransfected Sp2/0-Ag14 cells (lanes 3, 6) were extracted according to the alkaline carbonate extraction method (see text). Immunoglobulins from the membrane fractions, that contain integral membrane proteins (lanes 1-3), or from the SN fractions, that predominantly contain soluble contents of the cells (lanes 4-6), were purified by protein A pull down assay and separated by denaturating SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After blotting and labeling with a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody the heavy chains were visualized by a chemiluminescence reaction. Secreted sIgG heavy chains (sIgG HC) and membrane bound mIgG heavy chains (mIgG HC) are indicated. The lower panel shows a short time exposure of a section of the blot in the upper panel.

FIG. 9 Analysis of mRNA by Northern blot. Autoradiography of Northern blots hybridized with [α-³²P] labeled probe A (left panel) or probe B (right panel) as shown in FIG. 7B. In each lane 10 μg total RNA isolated from clones 1A1, 1B6, 1C5, or 1D1 (lanes 1-4), and clones 1D6, 2D6, KO2 or KO6 (lanes 6-9) was separated by denaturating agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane. Clone “27” expresses sIgG only and was added for control (lanes 5, 10). The heavy chain mRNAs of the mIgG and the sIgG isoform are indicated.

FIG. 10 Plasmid card of the sIgG/IgG-GPI expression vector pIgG-GPI-B.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

-   Table 1 Examples of second nucleic acids. -   Table 2 Examples of third nucleic acids and amino acids     corresponding to third nucleic acids. -   Table 3 Examples of fourth nucleic acids and amino acids     corresponding to fourth nucleic acids. -   Table 4 Oligonucleotide primer for cloning and mutagenesis in the     construction of the sIgG/mIgG expression vector ‘pmIgG-A’ -   Table 5 Average SPR determined for every selected clone based on     four distinct SPRs calculated at several time points during the     exponential growth phase. -   Table 6 Table 4 shows the distribution of clones to different IgG     concentration levels three weeks after single cell depositions into     96 well plates and analysis of cell culture supernatants of 515     mIgG-sorted clones, and of 550 control clones by ELISA. -   Table 7 Table 5 shows the distribution of clones to different IgG     concentration levels in the second selection. -   Table 8 Cell count of shaker cultures on day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 of     every clone determined with a CASY® TT cell counter (Scharfe     Systems). -   Table 9 Productivity determination of 10 day shaker cultures by     ELISA.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

-   SEQ ID NO: 001 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     δ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 002 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ1 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 003 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ2 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 004 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     μ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 005 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type α -   SEQ ID NO: 006 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ1 -   SEQ ID NO: 007 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ2B -   SEQ ID NO: 008 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ3 -   SEQ ID NO: 009 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type μ -   SEQ ID NO: 010 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     δ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 011 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ1 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 012 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ2 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 013 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     μ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 014 Third nucleic acid derived from murine immunoglobulin     heavy chain type α -   SEQ ID NO: 015 Third nucleic acid derived from murine immunoglobulin     heavy chain type γ1 -   SEQ ID NO: 016 Third nucleic acid derived from murine immunoglobulin     heavy chain type γ2B -   SEQ ID NO: 017 Third nucleic acid derived from murine immunoglobulin     heavy chain type γ3 -   SEQ ID NO: 018 Third nucleic acid derived from murine immunoglobulin     heavy chain type μ -   SEQ ID NO: 019 Third nucleic acid derived from human AChE -   SEQ ID NO: 020 Third nucleic acid derived from human intestinal     alkaline phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 021 Third nucleic acid derived from human liver alkaline     phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 022 Third nucleic acid derived from human placenta     alkaline phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 023 Third nucleic acid derived from human CAMPATH-1     antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 024 Third nucleic acid derived from human     carcinoembryonic antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 025 Third nucleic acid derived from human CD55 -   SEQ ID NO: 026 Third nucleic acid derived from human CD59 -   SEQ ID NO: 027 Third nucleic acid derived from human CD90 -   SEQ ID NO: 028 Third nucleic acid derived from human contactin-1 -   SEQ ID NO: 029 Third nucleic acid derived from human E48 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 030 Third nucleic acid derived from human folate receptor     A -   SEQ ID NO: 031 Third nucleic acid derived from human folate receptor     B -   SEQ ID NO: 032 Third nucleic acid derived from human GPI-anchored     protein p137 -   SEQ ID NO: 033 Third nucleic acid derived from human lymphocyte     function-associated antigen-3 -   SEQ ID NO: 034 Third nucleic acid derived from human mDIA     interacting protein -   SEQ ID NO: 035 Third nucleic acid derived from human 5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 036 Third nucleic acid derived from human urokinase     plasminogen activator factor -   SEQ ID NO: 037 Third nucleic acid derived from murine cell surface     protein LY-6C antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 038 Third nucleic acid derived from murine Ly-6 antigen     ThB -   SEQ ID NO: 039 Third nucleic acid derived from murine     5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 040 Third nucleic acid derived from murine OX45 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 041 Third nucleic acid derived from murine stem cell     antigen 2 -   SEQ ID NO: 042 Third nucleic acid derived from murine vascular cell     adhesion molecule 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 043 Third nucleic acid derived from rat brevican -   SEQ ID NO: 044 Third nucleic acid derived from rat CD90 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 045 Third nucleic acid derived from rat glypican -   SEQ ID NO: 046 Third nucleic acid derived from rat MRC OX45 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 047 Third nucleic acid derived from rat 5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 048 Third nucleic acid derived from rat pancreatic     secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 -   SEQ ID NO: 049 Third nucleic acid derived from rat T-cell surface     protein RT6.2 -   SEQ ID NO: 050 Third nucleic acid derived from yeast DNA repair     protein PHR1 -   SEQ ID NO: 051 Third nucleic acid derived from yeast     glycophospholipid-anchored surface protein-1 -   SEQ ID NO: 052 Third nucleic acid derived from porcine amyloid     precursor protein -   SEQ ID NO: 053 Third nucleic acid derived from porcine dipeptidase -   SEQ ID NO: 054 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein IL Tat 1.1 -   SEQ ID NO: 055 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 117a -   SEQ ID NO: 056 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 118a -   SEQ ID NO: 057 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 221 -   SEQ ID NO: 058 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MITat 1.1000 BC -   SEQ ID NO: 059 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MITat 1.5b -   SEQ ID NO: 060 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     procyclic acidic repetitive protein -   SEQ ID NO: 061 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein TxTat 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 062 Third nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma     congolense variant surface protein YNat 1.1 -   SEQ ID NO: 063 Third nucleic acid derived from chicken     melanotransferrin -   SEQ ID NO: 064 Third nucleic acid derived from chicken neural cell     adhesion molecule -   SEQ ID NO: 065 Third nucleic acid derived from Torpedo marmorata     AChE -   SEQ ID NO: 066 Third nucleic acid derived from hamster prion protein -   SEQ ID NO: 067 Third nucleic acid derived from bovine     5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 068 Third nucleic acid derived from slime mold membrane     protein Gp64 -   SEQ ID NO: 069 Third nucleic acid derived from slime mold pre-spore     specific antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 070 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     δ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 071 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ1 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 072 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ2 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 073 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     μ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 074 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type α -   SEQ ID NO: 075 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ1 -   SEQ ID NO: 076 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ2B -   SEQ ID NO: 077 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type γ3 -   SEQ ID NO: 078 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin heavy chain type μ -   SEQ ID NO: 079 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human AChE -   SEQ ID NO: 080 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human intestinal     alkaline phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 081 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human liver alkaline     phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 082 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human placenta     alkaline phosphatase -   SEQ ID NO: 083 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human CAMPATH-1     antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 084 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human     carcinoembryonic antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 085 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human CD55 -   SEQ ID NO: 086 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human CD59 -   SEQ ID NO: 087 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human CD90 -   SEQ ID NO: 088 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human contactin-1 -   SEQ ID NO: 089 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human E48 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 090 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human folate     receptor A -   SEQ ID NO: 091 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human folate     receptor B -   SEQ ID NO: 092 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human GPI-anchored     protein p137 -   SEQ ID NO: 093 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human lymphocyte     function-associated antigen-3 -   SEQ ID NO: 094 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human mDIA     interacting protein -   SEQ ID NO: 095 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human     5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 096 Fourth nucleic acid derived from human urokinase     plasminogen activator factor -   SEQ ID NO: 097 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine cell surface     protein LY-6C antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 098 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine Ly-6 antigen     ThB -   SEQ ID NO: 099 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine     5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 100 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine OX45 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 101 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine stem cell     antigen 2 -   SEQ ID NO: 102 Fourth nucleic acid derived from murine vascular cell     adhesion molecule 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 103 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat brevican -   SEQ ID NO: 104 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat CD90 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 105 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat glypican -   SEQ ID NO: 106 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat MRC OX45 antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 107 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat 5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 108 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat pancreatic     secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 -   SEQ ID NO: 109 Fourth nucleic acid derived from rat T-cell surface     protein RT6.2 -   SEQ ID NO: 110 Fourth nucleic acid derived from yeast DNA repair     protein PHR1 -   SEQ ID NO: 111 Fourth nucleic acid derived from yeast     glycophospholipid-anchored surface protein-1 -   SEQ ID NO: 112 Fourth nucleic acid derived from porcine amyloid     precursor protein -   SEQ ID NO: 113 Fourth nucleic acid derived from porcine dipeptidase -   SEQ ID NO: 114 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein IL Tat 1.1 -   SEQ ID NO: 115 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 117a -   SEQ ID NO: 116 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 118a -   SEQ ID NO: 117 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MIT 221 -   SEQ ID NO: 118 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MITat 1.1000 BC -   SEQ ID NO: 119 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein MITat 1.5b -   SEQ ID NO: 120 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     procyclic acidic repetitive protein -   SEQ ID NO: 121 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma brucei     variant surface protein TxTat 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 122 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Trypanosoma     congolense variant surface protein YNat 1.1 -   SEQ ID NO: 123 Fourth nucleic acid derived from chicken     melanotransferrin -   SEQ ID NO: 124 Fourth nucleic acid derived from chicken neural cell     adhesion molecule -   SEQ ID NO: 125 Fourth nucleic acid derived from Torpedo marmorata     AChE -   SEQ ID NO: 126 Fourth nucleic acid derived from hamster prion     protein -   SEQ ID NO: 127 Fourth nucleic acid derived from bovine     5′-nucleotidase -   SEQ ID NO: 128 Fourth nucleic acid derived from slime mold membrane     protein Gp64 -   SEQ ID NO: 129 Fourth nucleic acid derived from slime mold pre-spore     specific antigen -   SEQ ID NO: 130 Human immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1)     gene including the exons from CH1 to CH3 with all intervening     introns, and the adjacent 3′ untranslated region. -   SEQ ID NO: 131 Amino acid sequence of the γ-chain constant region     encoded by plasmid pIgG-A. -   SEQ ID NO: 132 Oligonucleotide primer TM-fw1 -   SEQ ID NO: 133 Oligonucleotide primer TM-rv1 -   SEQ ID NO: 134 Oligonucleotide primer M1-rv -   SEQ ID NO: 135 Oligonucleotide primer M2-fw -   SEQ ID NO: 136 Oligonucleotide primer TM-fw2 -   SEQ ID NO: 137 Oligonucleotide primer TM-rv2 -   SEQ ID NO: 138 Oligonucleotide primer mutSphI-1 -   SEQ ID NO: 139 Oligonucleotide primer mut SphI-2 -   SEQ ID NO: 140 Human immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1)     gene including the exons from CH1 to M2 with all intervening     introns, the polyadenylation site for the secreted form of IgG1 in     intron 6, and the 3′UTR containing the polyadenylation site for the     membrane bound form of IgG1. -   SEQ ID NO: 141 The amino acid sequences of the short (sIgG) isoform     encoded by plasmid pmIgG-A. -   SEQ ID NO: 142 Amino acid sequences of the long (mIgG) isoform of     the γ-chain constant region encoded by plasmid pmIgG-A. -   SEQ ID NO: 143 Human IGHG1 gene including the exons from CH1 to CH3     with all intervening introns, and the adjacent 5′ part of intron 6     including the polyadenylation site for the secreted form of the     immunoglobulin. -   SEQ ID NO: 144 The amino acid sequences of the short (sIgG) isoform     of the γ-chain constant region encoded by plasmid pmIgGΔ-A. -   SEQ ID NO: 145 Amino acid sequences of the long (mIgG) isoform of     the γ-chain constant region encoded by plasmid pmIgGΔ-A. -   SEQ ID NO: 146 Encoded sequence removed from plasmid pmIgGΔ-B -   SEQ ID NO: 147 Encoded sequence inserted for the generation of     plasmid pIgG-GPI-B (amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal     signal peptide of the human placental alkaline phosphatase (NCBI     accession: M13077; nucleotides: 1542-1643)) -   SEQ ID NO: 148 DNA sequence of the gamma-chain expression cassette     constant region, from CH1 to 3′UTR of expression plasmid pIgG-GPI-B -   SEQ ID NO: 149 Amino acid sequence of the sIgG isoform of the     gamma-chain constant region encoded by plasmid pIgG-GPI-B -   SEQ ID NO: 150 Amino acid sequence of the long isoform of the     gamma-chain constant region including the carboxy-terminal signal     peptide of the human placental alkaline phosphatase encoded by     plasmid pIgG-GPI-B -   SEQ ID NO: 151 Second nucleic acid derived from human fibroblast     growth factor receptor 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 152 Second nucleic acid derived from murine epithelial     growth factor receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 153 Second nucleic acid derived from human complement     receptor 1 (C3b/C4b) -   SEQ ID NO: 154 Second nucleic acid derived from murine interleukin 4     receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 155 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     α heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 156 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     ε heavy chain (1) -   SEQ ID NO: 157 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ3 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 158 Second nucleic acid derived from murine Ig heavy     chain type ε -   SEQ ID NO: 159 Second nucleic acid derived from murine Ig heavy     chain type γ2A -   SEQ ID NO: 160 Third nucleic acid derived from human fibroblast     growth factor receptor 1 -   SEQ ID NO: 161 Third nucleic acid derived from murine epithelial     growth factor receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 162 Third nucleic acid derived from human complement     receptor 1 (C3b/C4b) -   SEQ ID NO: 163 Third nucleic acid derived from murine interleukin 4     receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 164 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     α heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 165 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     ε heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 166 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ3 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 167 Third nucleic acid derived from murine Ig heavy chain     type ε -   SEQ ID NO: 168 Third nucleic acid derived from murine Ig heavy chain     type γ2A -   SEQ ID NO: 169 Second nucleic acid derived from human interleukin 4     receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 170 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     ε heavy chain (2) -   SEQ ID NO: 171 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ4 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 172 Second nucleic acid derived from murine     immunoglobulin δ heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 173 Second nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     ε heavy chain (2) -   SEQ ID NO: 174 Third nucleic acid derived from human interleukin 4     receptor -   SEQ ID NO: 175 Third nucleic acid derived from human immunoglobulin     γ4 heavy chain -   SEQ ID NO: 176 Third nucleic acid derived from murine Ig heavy chain     type δ

EXAMPLES Example 1

Cloning of Genomic Fragments and Construction of Eukaryotic sIgG/mIgG Expression Vectors

a) Construction of the sIgG Expression Vector ‘pIgG-A’

For the expression of an immunoglobulin with specificity against a protein “A” the vector ‘pIgG-A’ was constructed. It codes for the secreted sIgG form of the immunoglobulin and comprises the following elements (see FIG. 1C):

-   1. A transcription unit for a human gamma (γ) 1 heavy chain,     composed of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′ untranslated region including a Kozak consensus         sequence (Kozak, M., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (1987) 8125-48),     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable heavy chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity         against a protein “A”,     -   a mouse/human heavy chain hybrid intron 2 including the mouse Ig         μ enhancer (J_(H)3-J_(H)4 switch region) joined with the human         immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) gene including the         exons from CH1 to CH3 with all intervening introns, and the         adjacent 3′ untranslated region containing the polyadenylation         site for the heavy chain of the secreted form of IgG1. -   The nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain constant region is     reported in SEQ ID NO: 130. The amino acid sequence of the γ-chain     constant region encoded by plasmid pIgG-A is reported in SEQ ID NO:     131. -   2. A transcription unit for a human kappa (κ) light chain, composed     of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′ untranslated region including a Kozak consensus         sequence,     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable κ chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity against         a protein “A”     -   the mouse intron 2 Ig κ enhancer joined with the human         immunoglobulin kappa constant (IGKC) gene, and     -   the human IGKC gene 3′ untranslated region containing the         polyadenylation site. -   3. A neomycin phosphotransferase transcription unit as a selectable     marker for mammalian cells. -   4. An origin of replication from the vector pUC18 for the     replication of the plasmid in E. coli. -   5. A beta-lactamase gene conferring ampicillin resistance in E.     coli.     b) Construction of the sIgG/mIgG Expression Vector ‘pmIgG-A’

A 5.2 kb genomic fragment of the human immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) locus comprising the main part of the intron downstream of exon CH3 (intron 6), the exon M1, the intron downstream of exon M1 (intron 7), the exon M2, and the adjacent 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), including the polyadenylation signal for the membrane bound form of the gamma 1 chain, was amplified from human genomic DNA (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) by PCR using the Expand Long Template PCR System (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) and the oligonucleotide primer specified in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotide primer for cloning and mutagenesis. Use for Name Sequence (in 5′ to 3′ direction) SEQ ID NO: Amplification TM-fw1 GGCCGAGTCTGAGGCCTGAGT 132 of 5.2 kb GGCATGAGGGAGGCAGAGT genomic TM-rv1 AACTGGATCCATGTAGAAAAGA 133 IGHG1 GGAGAAGCCCCGGGGGTCCAT fragment GTAGT Amplification TM-fw1 GGCCGAGTCTGAGGCCTGAGT 132 of 1.1 kb GGCATGAGGGAGGCAGAGT genomic M1-rv GATCCACTTCACCTTGAAGAAG 134 IGHG3 GTGACGGTGGCACTGTAGCAC fragment ACGC Amplification M2-fw CACCTTCTTCAAGGTGAAGTGG 135 of 1.6 kb ATCTTCTCCTCGGTGGTGGACC genomic TGAAG IGHG4 TM-rv1 AACTGGATCCATGTAGAAAAGA 133 fragment GGAGAAGCCCCGGGGGTCCAT GTAGT Amplification TM-fw2 CTCCAGCAGCAGCTGCCCTGG 136 of the joined GCTGGGCCACGA IGHG3-IGHG4 TM-rv2 CAGGGATCCCCCGAGGTGCAG 137 fragment CTGGACCAGCCTCCTCCTGACC GTGTTTT Mutation of mutSphI-1 CTACCCCAGACCTCCGCTGCTT 138 the Sph I site GGTGCcTGCAGGGCACTGGGG in the 3′UTR GCCAGGTGTCCCCTCAGCAGG ACGT* mutSphI-2 CCTGCTGAGGGGACACCTGGC 139 CCCCAGTGCCCTGCAgGCACCA AGCAGCGGAGGTCTGGGGT* *The altered nucleotides for the mutagenesis of the Sph I site are indicated by lower case letters.

The amplified fragment corresponds to the nucleotides 87203513-87208691 of the “Homo sapiens chromosome 14 genomic contig” (NCBI accession: NT_(—)026437, reverse complement). Sequencing of the subcloned PCR product revealed an identity of 98 percent compared to the corresponding chromosome 14 sequence with all differences found in introns or the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). The Sph I restriction site 219 bp downstream of the exon M2 stop codon was destroyed by PCR based site directed mutagenesis using the oligonucleotide primers specified in Table 2. The fragment was then joined with the 5′ flanking part of intron 6 by cloning via a Sph I restriction site into the immunoglobulin gamma 1 chain expression vector pIgG-A, thus leading to a complete genomically organized gamma 1 chain transcription unit. By subcloning the eukaryotic expression vector ‘pmIgG-A’ was constructed that codes for the secreted form (sIgG) and the membrane bound form (mIgG) of an antibody with specificity against a protein “A”. The plasmid contains the following elements (see also FIG. 1A):

-   1. The afore mentioned transcription unit for a human gamma 1 heavy     chain, composed of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′ untranslated region including a Kozak consensus         sequence,     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable heavy chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity         against a protein “A”,     -   a mouse/human heavy chain hybrid intron 2 including the mouse Ig         miu (μ) enhancer from the J_(H)3-J_(H)4 switch region (Banerji,         J., et al., Cell 33 (1983) 729-740; Gillies, S. D., et al.,         Cell, 33 (1983) 717-728) joined with the human immunoglobulin         heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) gene including the exons from CH1         to M2 with all intervening introns, the polyadenylation site for         the secreted form of IgG1 in intron 6, and the 3′UTR containing         the polyadenylation site for the membrane bound form of IgG1.     -   The genomic organization of the heavy chain constant region is         depicted in FIG. 2A, the nucleotide sequence is reported in SEQ         ID NO: 140. The amino acid sequences of the short (sIgG) isoform         or the long (mIgG) isoform of the γ-chain constant region         encoded by plasmid pmIgG-A are reported in SEQ ID NO: 141 or SEQ         ID NO: 142, respectively. -   2. A transcription unit for a human kappa (κ) light chain, composed     of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′ untranslated region including a Kozak consensus         sequence,     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable κ chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity against         a protein “A”     -   the mouse intron 2 Ig κ enhancer (Emorine, L., et al., Nature         304 (1983) 447-449; Picard, D., and Schaffner, W., Nature (1984)         307, 80-82) joined with the human immunoglobulin κ constant         (IGKC) gene, and     -   the human IGKC gene 3′UTR containing the polyadenylation site. -   3. A neomycin phosphotransferase transcription unit as a selectable     marker for mammalian cells. -   4. An origin of replication from the vector pUC18 for the     replication of the plasmid in E. coli. -   5. A beta(μ)-lactamase gene conferring ampicillin resistance in E.     coli.     c) Construction of the sIgG/mIgG Expression Vectors ‘pmIgGΔ-A’ and     ‘pmIgGΔ-B’

In a similar way as described in example 1b), a 1.1 kb genomic fragment of the human immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (IGHG3) locus comprising the main part of the intron downstream of exon CH3 (intron 6), and the exon M1 was PCR amplified (for oligonucleotides see Table 2). The fragment corresponds to the nucleotides 87235195-87236300 of the “Homo sapiens chromosome 14 genomic contig” (NCBI accession: NT_(—)026437, reverse complement), with a sequence identity of 98 percent. All differences are found within the intron except for one single nucleotide exchange within exon M1 that is silent, thus does not change the encoded amino acid sequence. Similarly, a 1.6 kb genomic fragment of the human immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 (IGHG4) locus comprising exon M2 and the adjacent 3′ untranslated region including the polyadenylation signal for the membrane bound form of the gamma 4 chain was PCR amplified (for oligonucleotides see Table 2). The fragment corresponds to the nucleotides 87087786-87089377 of the “Homo sapiens chromosome 14 genomic contig” (NCBI accession: NT_(—)026437, reverse complement), with a sequence identity of 98 percent and all differences found in the 3′UTR. The Sph I site 212 bp downstream of the exon M2 stop codon was destroyed by PCR based site directed mutagenesis. Both fragments were joined between M1 and M2, amplified by PCR (for oligonucleotides see Table 2) and then cloned into the gamma 1 chain expression vector by a Sph I site in intron 6, thereby leading to a hybrid gamma 1—gamma 3—gamma 4 chain expression cassette with a genomic organization lacking the intron between M1 and M2 (intron 7). By subcloning the eukaryotic expression vector “pmIgGΔ-A” was constructed that codes for the secreted sIgG and the membrane bound mIgG form of an antibody with specificity against a protein “A”. The plasmid contains the following elements (see also FIG. 1B):

-   1. The aforementioned transcription unit for a hybrid gamma 1—gamma     3—gamma 4 heavy chain, composed of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′ untranslated region including a Kozak consensus         sequence,     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable heavy chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity         against a protein “A”,     -   a mouse/human heavy chain hybrid intron 2 including the mouse Ig         μ enhancer (J_(H)3-J_(H)4 switch region) joined with the human         IGHG1 gene including the exons from CH1 to C_(H)3 with all         intervening introns, and the adjacent 5′ part of intron 6         including the polyadenylation site for the secreted form of the         immunoglobulin,     -   the 3′ part of intron 6 and exon M1 from the human IGHG3 gene,         and     -   the exon M2 and the 3′ untranslated region containing the         polyadenylation site for the membrane bound form of the         immunoglobulin from the human IGHG4 gene.     -   The genomic organization of the heavy chain constant region is         depicted in FIG. 2B, the nucleotide sequence is reported in SEQ         ID NO: 143. The amino acid sequences of the short (sIgG) isoform         or the long (mIgG) isoform of the γ-chain constant region         encoded by plasmid pmIgGΔ-A are reported in SEQ ID NO: 144 or         SEQ ID NO: 145, respectively. -   2. A transcription unit for a human kappa light chain, composed of     -   the immediate early enhancer and promoter from the human         cytomegalovirus (hCMV),     -   a synthetic 5′UTR including a Kozak consensus sequence,     -   a murine immunoglobulin heavy chain signal sequence including         the signal sequence intron,     -   a variable κ chain cDNA of an antibody with specificity against         a protein “A”     -   the mouse intron 2 Ig κ enhancer joined with the human         immunoglobulin κ constant (IGKC) gene, and     -   the human IGKC gene 3′ untranslated region containing the         polyadenylation site. -   3. A neomycin phosphotransferase transcription unit as a selectable     marker for mammalian cells. -   4. An origin of replication from the vector pUC18 for the     replication of the plasmid in E. coli. -   5. A beta-lactamase gene conferring ampicillin resistance in E.     coli.

By exchange of the cDNA sequences coding for the variable regions of the gamma and the kappa chain the sIgG/mIgG expression vector ‘pmIgGΔ-B’ was constructed. It has the same organization as described for pmIgGΔ-A above but codes for an immunoglobulin with specificity against a protein “B” instead.

Example 2

Transfection and Analysis of Sp2/0-Ag14 Cells

a) Cultivation and Electroporation of Sp2/0-Ag14 Cells

Sp2/0-Ag14 hybridoma cells (ATCC No. CRL-1581, Shulman, M., et al., Nature 276 (1978) 269-270) are cultivated in RPMI medium (Invitrogen Corp., US) supplemented with 10% ultra-low IgG fetal calf serum (FCS) (Invitrogen Corp., US) and 2 mM glutamine (Invitrogen Corp., US) at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 95% humidity. For transfection the cells are electroporated with 10 μg plasmid DNA per 10⁶ cells in 20 mM HEPES-buffer (N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 7.0 containing 137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.7 mM Na₂HPO₄, and 6 mM Glucose at 4° C. The electroporation is performed at 220 V and 960 μF with a Genepulser electroporation device (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., US). After the transfection the cells are distributed to 96 well plates with 5000 cells in 100 μl medium per well. For the selection of transfected cells 500 μg/ml G418 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) is added to the medium one day after the electroporation. The medium is changed every two to three days to maintain the selection pressure. About two weeks after the transfection transfectoma clones are isolated from the 96 well plates and further propagated in appropriate culture vessels. For storage about 10⁶ cells of a clone are frozen in 10% dimethylsulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Germany) in low IgG FCS (Invitrogen Corp., US) and stored in liquid nitrogen.

The transfections of each 10⁶ cells with the plasmids pmIgG-A, pmIgGΔ-A and pIgG-A led to 15, 19 and 12 independent clones, respectively. From each transfection 6 clones were randomly selected for further analysis.

b) IgG Quantification and Analysis by Flow Cytometry

10⁵ cells of each clone of Example 2a) were seeded in 2 ml medium containing G418 (as described above) in 6 well plates and cultivated for 48 hours. Thereafter the supernatants were collected and the amount of secreted IgG was quantified by Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) immunoassay using the ‘Human Fc detection kit’ (CIS bio international) according to the manufacturer's protocol. To analyze the plasma-membrane-bound antibodies by flow cytometry, 10⁵ cells of each clone were washed two times with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) at 4° C., then resuspended in 50 μl FITC-conjugated F(ab′)₂ fragment mouse anti-human IgG (Dianova, Germany), diluted 1:50 in PBS containing 1% BSA (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany), and incubated for one hour at 4° C. in the dark. After washing two times with PBS, the cells were resuspended in PBS and analyzed with a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, US). As a measure of the amount of IgG bound to the cell surface the median fluorescence intensity was determined for each clone.

In FIG. 3 the median fluorescence intensity in flow cytometry is displayed together with the IgG concentration in the cell culture supernatant for each clone. It was observed that for clones transfected with pmIgG-A or pmIgGΔ-A (i.e. plasmids coding for both the sIgG and the mIgG form) an increased amount of secreted IgG corresponds with an elevated cell surface signal. Such a correlation was not observed for clones transfected with pIgG-A (i.e. the plasmid coding for only sIgG, the secreted form of the antibody).

Example 3

Sorting of Stably Transfected Cells by Flow Cytometry

For the generation of clones stably expressing IgG 3×10⁶ Sp2/0-Ag14 cells were transfected with the plasmid pmIgGΔ-B by electroporation as described above. One day after the transfection the cells were transferred to 500 μg/ml G418 selection medium and cultivated as pool for about two weeks. After the selection the IgG bound to the surface of the transfected cells was labeled and cells with the most intense signals were sorted by flow cytometry. Therefore 4×10⁶ cells from the pool were washed two times with medium at 4° C. then incubated with fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated F(ab′)₂ fragment mouse anti-human IgG (Dianova, Germany), 1:50 diluted in medium, for 20 minutes on ice. After two washing steps with medium the cells were resuspended in medium and transferred to a BD FACSVantage flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, US). A gate was set encompassing cells with the top 5-6% of fluorescence intensity of the sample population (FIG. 4), and cells sorted by this gate were collected. The collected cells were expanded by cultivation in selection medium for several days. With these cells a second and, consecutively, a third sorting cycle was performed as described above. Instead of collecting the sorted cells as pool, a fourth and final sorting step was used for single cell depositions into 96 well plates. The deposition led to 141 independent clones from which 21 were selected for IgG expression analysis by HTRF immunoassay as described in example 2b). Two clones out of these, 5B11 and 9B3, that showed the highest IgG secretion rates and, correspondingly, the strongest cell surface signals, were adapted to serum free growth in spinner culture for further assessment of their productivity.

Example 4

Determination of the Specific Productivity of Clones

For the determination of their specific productivity, the clones 5B11 and 9B3 were cultivated under defined conditions in ProCHO 6k medium (Cambrex Corp., US), supplemented with 1× Colesterol/Lipid concentrate (Invitrogen Corp., US), 4 mM Glutamine (Invitrogen Corp., US) and 250 μg/ml G418 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany), in 100 ml spinner flasks (Belco, US.). The cells were grown at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 95% humidity until they reached a stationary growth phase. At several time points during the exponential growth phase the cell count of every clone was determined with a CASY cell counter (Scharfe Systems, Germany) and the IgG concentration in the supernatants were determined by protein A affinity chromatography (see below). As reference, the clone J5-H3 was cultivated and analyzed under equal conditions. This clone was also derived from transfection of Sp2/0-Ag14 cells and stably expresses the identical antibody as the clones 5B11 and 9B3, albeit the secreted form only. Clone J5-H3 was generated conventionally by several limiting dilution and subcloning steps and has been selected out of more than 1000 clones to fulfill the productivity requirements for an industrial manufacturing process.

The IgG concentrations in cell culture supernatants were determined by analytical affinity chromatography using an Äkta™ explorer chromatography unit (GE Healthcare, former Amersham Biosciences, Sweden). A defined volume of a cell culture supernatant was applied to a protein A sepharose column to facilitate binding of IgG to the affinity matrix. The column was washed with 100 mM citric acid pH 5.0, and then bound antibodies were eluted with 100 mM citric acid pH 3.0. The elution was monitored by continuous recording of the UV absorption of the eluate at 280 nm. The antibody concentration of a sample was calculated from the integrated UV absorption after calibration of the system with standard samples containing defined antibody concentrations.

For every clone specific production rates (SPRs) were calculated from the cell counts and the IgG concentrations in cell culture supernatants by the following equation:

${{SPR} = {\frac{\Delta\;{c\left( {{Ig}\; G} \right)}}{{\overset{\_}{c({cells})} \cdot \Delta}\; t}\left\lbrack \frac{pg}{{cell} \cdot {day}} \right\rbrack}},$ wherein

-   -   “Δc(IgG)” being the difference of the IgG concentration in the         supernatant between beginning and end of the time interval in         [pg/ml],     -   “ c(cells)” being the arithmetic average of the cell count of         the beginning and the end of the time interval in [cells/ml],         and     -   “Δt” being the length of the time interval in [days].

An average SPR was determined for every clone based on four distinct SPRs calculated at several time points during the exponential growth phase (FIG. 5 and Table 5).

TABLE 5 Determination of specific production rates (SPR). average expressed time interval SPR SPR ± SD Clone IgG form [h] [pg · cell⁻¹ · d⁻¹] [pg · cell⁻¹ · d⁻¹] 5B11 sIgG,   0-26.2 16.9 18.3 ± 3.4 mIgG 26.2-45.3 22.3 45.3-52.7 14.3 52.7-68.5 19.6 9B3 sIgG,   0-25.7 19.9 16.3 ± 5.3 mIgG 25.7-45   19.3   45-52.4 8.5 52.4-68.3 17.4 J5-H3 sIgG  0-26 16.7 18.4 ± 3.7   26-45.2 17.3 45.2-52.6 15.6 52.6-68.4 23.8

Both clones sorted by membrane bound mIgG, 5B11 and 9B3, exhibited average SPRs between 15 and 20 pg•cell⁻¹•d⁻¹, which is in a range that is suitable for manufacturing clones in an industrial scale. The SPRs of these clones are comparable to an SPR that can be achieved with a clone obtained by a laborious conventional strategy in the same cell line and expressing the same antibody (clone J5-H3).

Example 5

Detection of sIgG and mIgG by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Intracellular and cell surface bound antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. For intracellular staining cells attached to poly-L-lysine-coated microscopy slides were fixed with 2% (v/v) formaldehyde in PBS for 10 minutes, permeabilized with 0.2% (v/v) Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 minutes and washed twice with PBS. Unspecific binding sites were blocked with 3% (w/v) BSA (bovine serum albumin) in PBS for 30 min. The cells were washed twice with washing buffer (WB: 0.2% (w/v) BSA, 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 in PBS), then incubated with R-Phycoerythrin-conjugated F(ab′)₂ fragment goat anti-human IgG (Dianova, Germany), 1:50 diluted in WB, for one hour. After washing four times with WB and twice with doubly deionized H₂O, the cells were mounted under a coverslip and stored at 4° C. in the dark until microscopy. For staining of cell surface bound antibodies 10⁵ cells were washed with cold 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, then unspecific binding sites were blocked with 1% BSA in PBS on ice for 30 minutes. For IgG labeling the cells were incubated with R-Phycoerythrin-conjugated F(ab′)₂ fragment goat anti-human IgG (Dianova, Germany), 1:50 diluted in 1% (w/v) BSA in PBS, for one hour on ice. After washing three times with cold PBS the cells were attached to poly-L-lysine-coated microscopy slides and fixed with 2% (v/v) formaldehyde in PBS for 10 minutes at room temperature. After washing twice with PBS the cells were mounted under a coverslip and stored at 4° C. in the dark until microscopy. Intracellular and surface labeled cells were analyzed on an Axiophot fluorescence microscope using a Plan-APOCHROMAT 40×/1.0 objective (Carl Zeiss, Germany).

In the clone 5B11 antibodies can be detected on the cell surface (FIG. 6, image 1), which is mainly the mIgG form, as well as intracellular (image 4), which are both IgG forms on the expression/secretion pathways. In contrast, in the clone J5-H3 only intracellular antibodies can be detected (FIG. 6, images 2 and 5), as this clones does not express mIgG. No staining with both methods is observed in the untransfected cell line Sp2/0-Ag14 (FIG. 6, images 3 and 6), since these cells express no IgG at all.

Example 6

Detection of γ-Chain mRNA Isoforms by Northern Blotting

To define the ratio between the two heavy chain isoforms that emerge by alternative splicing/polyadenylation of the primary transcript, RNA of stably transfected clones was analyzed by Northern blot. Therefore total RNA was isolated from cells using the RNeasy technology (Qiagen, Germany). In each case 10 μg of total RNA were then fractionated by denaturating agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane using the NorthernMax System (Ambion Inc., US). For hybridization of the blot membrane two different DNA probes were marked with [alpha-³²P] by the random priming method using the DECAprime II kit (Ambion Inc. US). As depicted in FIG. 7B, probe ‘A’ is complementary to the heavy chain mRNA between exon CH1 and CH3 and thus hybridizes to both isoforms. In contrast, probe ‘B’ only binds to the 3′UTR of the long mIgG heavy chain mRNA. After hybridization and stringent washing of the membrane the blot was analyzed by autoradiography.

FIG. 7A represents an autoradiography of a Northern blot with total RNA from clone 5B11, clone J5-H3 and the cell line Sp2/0-Ag14. The hybridization with probe ‘A’ shows a predominant 1.8 kb signal in both antibody expressing clones (lanes 1 and 2), which corresponds to the expected size of the short mRNA isoform that encodes the heavy chain of the sIgG. In the depicted long exposure also some weak signals between 2 and 4 kb are detected. The 3.3 kb band, which is only seen in clone 5B11 (lane 1), represents the long mRNA isoform that encodes the heavy chain of the mIgG, since a band with the same migration pattern is detected as single signal when the blot is hybridized with probe ‘B’ (lane 4). The comparison of the relative signal strengths of the 1.8 kb and the 3.3 kb band in lane 1 suggests that the primary transcript of the antibody heavy chain transgene is predominantly processed to the small mRNA isoform, giving rise to the secreted sIgG form of the antibody. Only a minor amount (less than 5%) is completely spliced to the long mRNA isoform, thus leading to plasma-membrane-bound mIgG.

Example 7

Purification and Detection of IgG Heavy Chain Isoforms by Alkaline Carbonate Extraction and Immunoblotting

To detect the mIgG heavy chain, membrane proteins were extracted from stably transfected cells using the alkaline carbonate extraction method developed by Fujiki (Fujiki, Y., et al., J. Cell Biol. 93 (1982) 97-102). In each case 107 cells were washed twice with PBS, then once with 0.1 M NaCl on ice. After resuspension in 1 ml cold 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ pH 11.5 the cells were disrupted by sonification for 20 seconds, incubated on ice for 30 minutes and then centrifuged for 60 minutes with 200,000×g at 4° C. By this step cellular membranes still containing integral membrane proteins are separated from soluble contents. The supernatants were collected and it was added Triton X-100 to a final concentration of 1% (w/v), N-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside to a final concentration of 60 mM, TRIS-HCl pH 7.4 to a final concentration of 50 mM and NaCl to a final concentration of 300 mM (“SN fraction”). Accordingly, the membrane pellets were resolved in 1.1 ml 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ pH 11.5, 1% (w/v) Triton X-100, 60 mM N-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 50 mM TRIS-HCl pH 7.4 and 300 mM NaCl. Insoluble components after that step were removed by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 15,000×g and the supernatants collected as “membrane fraction”. Protein A pull down assays were performed to purify the antibody isoforms from the membrane or SN fractions. Therefore each fraction was incubated with 30 μl bed volume Protein A sepharose (GE Healthcare formerly Amersham Biosciences, Sweden) for 60 minutes at 4° C., then washed four times with PBS containing 0.02% (v/v) Igepal CA360. Proteins bound to the protein A matrix were eluted with reducing protein gel sample buffer at 70° C. and separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (NuPAGE®-system, Invitrogen Corp., US). After the separation the proteins were transferred to a PVDF (polyvinylidenfluoride) membrane according to the semidry immunoblotting method (Ausubel, F. A., et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1995)). IgG heavy chains immobilized on the membrane were labeled with polyclonal rabbit anti-human IgG antibodies coupled to horseradish peroxidase (DakoCytomation, DAKO A/S, Denmark) and detected by chemiluminescence reaction (LUMI-Light PLUS Western Blotting Kit, Roche Diagnostics GmbH) on a LUMI-Imager F1 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH).

A strong signal according to the heavy chain of sIgG could be detected in the membrane and SN fraction of both clones expressing antibodies (clones 5B11 and J5-H3, see FIG. 8, lanes 1, 2, 4 and 5). In the case of clone 5B11 an additional protein is detected which migrates above the sIgG heavy chain (FIG. 8, lane 1). This band is predominantly found in the membrane fraction of this clone in which the integral membrane proteins are enriched. It represents the larger mIgG heavy chain isoform, which has a calculated molecular weight 8 kDa higher than the sIgG heavy chain. Consistently there is no corresponding signal in clone J5-H3 (FIG. 8, lane 2) as this clone solely expresses the secreted form of the antibody.

Example 8

Cultivation and Transfection of CHO-K1 Cells.

CHO-K1 cells (ATCC No. CCL-61; Puck, T. T., et al., J. Exp. Med. 108 (1958), 945-956), that have been pre-adapted to serum-free growth in suspension culture, were cultivated in ProCHO4-CDM medium (Cambrex Corp., US), supplemented with 8 mM L-Alanyl-L-glutamine (Invitrogen Corp., US) and 1× HT supplement (Invitrogen Corp., US), at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 95% humidity in suspension flasks. Every 3-4 days the cells are splitted with 2×10⁵ cells/ml into fresh medium. For transfection, the cells are electroporated with 20 μg plasmid DNA per 7.5×10⁶ cells in a total volume of 200 μl PBS at room temperature. The electroporations are performed with a Gene Pulser XCell electroporation device (Bio-Rad Laboratories, US) in a 2 mm gap cuvette, using a square wave protocol with a single 160 V pulse for 15 ms. For the generation of clones stably expressing IgG, 6×10⁷ cells were electroporated with the plasmid pmIgGΔ-B as described. Afterwards the cells were cultivated as pool in the medium specified above for about two weeks with 700 μg/ml G418 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) added to the culture one day after the transfection for selection of stably transfected cells.

Example 9

Sorting of Stably Transfected CHO-K1 Cells by Flow Cytometry

After the selection the IgG bound to the surface of the transfected cells was labeled and cells with the most intense signals were sorted by flow cytometry. Therefore 4×10⁷ cells from the pool were first passed through a 40 μM nylon mesh to remove large cell aggregates and then incubated with Accumax (PAA) for 15 minutes at 37° C. to separate remaining smaller aggregates. The cells were incubated in 1% (w/v) BSA in medium (see example 8) for 20 minutes on ice, then stained with 10 ng/ml Protein A Alexa Fluor 488 (Molecular Probes Inc., Invitrogen Corp., US), in a total volume of 8 ml medium with 1% (w/v) BSA in for 30 minutes on ice in the dark. After two washing steps with 1% (w/v) BSA in medium the cells were resuspended in medium and transferred to a BD FACSAria cell sorter (BD Biosciences, US). The population of live single cells was gated by a forward-scatter/side-scatter (FSC/SSC) dot plot. A subpopulation was defined encompassing the cells with the top 5% of fluorescence intensity of the gated live cells, and about 45,000 cells from this subpopulation were collected (mIgG-sorted cell pool). As control about 40,000 cells were collected randomly from the FSC/SSC-gated live cell population regardless of their fluorescence (control cell pool). The collected cell pools were expanded by cultivation in selection medium (see example 8) for two weeks. A second sorting cycle was then performed. The cells from the mIgG-sorted cell pool were stained for cell surface IgG as described above. Using a BD FACSAria cell sorter (BD Biosciences, US) the cells with the top 4% of fluorescence intensity were sorted from the population of live single cells (gated by FSC/SSC dot plot). The sorted cells were collected as single cells into 96 well plates. From the control cell pool single cells were collected randomly from the FSC/SSC-gated, unstained live cell population. Single cell clones were expanded by cultivation in selection medium (see example 8) for three weeks.

Example 10

Determination of IgG Concentrations by ELISA

The immunoglobulin concentration in cell culture supernatants was determined by a sandwich ELISA which used a biotinylated anti-human IgG F(ab′)2 fragment as the capture reagent and for detection a peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG F(ab′)₂ antibody fragment.

Streptavidin coated 96 well plates (Pierce Reacti-Bind™ Streptavidin Coated Polystyrene Strip Plates, Code No. 15121) were coated with 0.5 μg/ml biotinylated goat polyclonal anti-human IgG F(ab′)2 antibody fragment (F(ab′)2<h-Fcγ>Bi; Dianova, Germany, Code No. 109-066-098) capture antibody (0.1 ml/well) in diluent buffer (diluent buffer: PBS buffer containing 0.5% weight by volume (w/v) bovine serum albumin) by incubation for one hour at room temperature (RT) under shaking. Thereafter, the plates were washed three times with more than 0.3 ml wash buffer (wash buffer: PBS containing 1% (w/v) Tween 20). IgG containing cell culture supernatants (samples) were diluted serially (twofold) up to a concentration of 0.5-20 ng/ml in diluent buffer, added to the wells and incubated for one hour at RT with shaking. Purified standard antibody (0.5-20 ng/ml) in diluent buffer was used for the generation of an IgG protein standard curve. After washing the plates three times with 0.3 ml/well wash buffer, bound complexes to anti-human Fcγ were detected with a peroxidase-conjugated F(ab′)2 fragment of goat polyclonal anti-human F(ab′)2-specific IgG (F(ab′)2<h-Fcy>POD; Dianova, Germany, Code No. 109-036-098). After washing the plates three times with 0.3 ml/well wash buffer the plates were developed with ABTS® (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) peroxidase substrate solution (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany, Code No. 1684302). After 10-30 minutes the absorbance was measured at 405 nm and 490 nm against a reagent blank (incubation buffer+ABTS solution) on a Tecan Spectrafluorplus plate reader (Tecan Deutschland GmbH, Germany). For background correction the absorbance at 490 nm was subtracted from the absorbance at 405 nm according to the following formula:

Δ A = (A_(sample)^(405 n m) − A_(sample)^(490 n m)) − (A_(blank)^(405 n m) − A_(blank)^(490 n m))

The IgG content of the samples were calculated from the standard curve.

Example 11

Screening and Selection of mIgG Expressing CHO Clones

Three weeks after single cell depositions into 96 well plates, cell culture supernatants of 515 mIgG-sorted clones, and of 550 control clones were analyzed by ELISA (see example 10). Table 6 shows the distribution of clones to different IgG concentration levels.

TABLE 6 Screening of 96 well plate deposited clones by ELISA. IgG in SN mIgG-sorted clones control clones [μg/ml] # clones % clones # clones % clones ≦1 0 0 495 90.0 ≦2 65 12.6 44 8.0 ≦3 76 14.8 5 0.9 ≦4 67 13.0 2 0.4 ≦5 66 12.8 0 0 ≦6 58 11.3 1 0.2 ≦7 35 6.8 0 0 ≦8 39 7.5 0 0 ≦9 32 6.2 1 0.1 ≦10 21 4.1 0 0 ≦11 16 3.1 0 0 ≦12 9 1.8 1 0.2 ≦13 6 1.1 1 0.2 ≦14 4 0.8 ≦15 3 0.6 ≦16 2 0.4 ≦17 3 0.6 ≦18 2 0.4 ≦19 1 0.2 ≦20 2 0.3 ≦21 1 0.2 ≦22 1 0.2 >22 6 1.2

It was observed that in the control approach 90 percent of all clones showed an IgG concentration of 1 μg/ml and below. In contrast, no mIgG-sorted clone fell into this group. Moreover in this approach IgG concentrations of greater than 22 μg/ml were reached by 6 clones, whereas the highest IgG-concentration measured in the control approach was 12.3 μg/ml. All mIgG-sorted clones with more than 10 μg/ml and all control clones with more than 3 μg/ml were then transferred to 24 well plates for a second screening. The clones were outgrown by cultivation in selection medium (see example 8) for 20 days, then the IgG concentrations in the cell culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. Table 7 shows the distribution of clones to different IgG concentration levels.

TABLE 7 Screening of 24 well deposited clones by ELISA. IgG in SN mIgG-sorted clones control clones [μg/ml] # clones % clones # clones % clones ≦5 2 3.7 3 50.0 ≦10 1 1.9 1 16.7 ≦15 2 3.7 1 16.6 ≦20 1 1.8 1 16.7 ≦25 5 9.3 ≦30 12 22.2 ≦35 13 24.1 ≦40 7 12.9 ≦45 5 9.3 ≦50 4 7.4 ≦55 1 1.8 ≦60 1 1.9 average IgG 31.4 6.1 conc. (μg/ml)

The control clones displayed expression levels up to 16.8 μg/ml with an average IgG concentration of 6.1 μg/ml. In contrast, the average expression of the mIgG-sorted clones was 31.4 μg/ml, with 58.9 μg/ml being the highest observed IgG concentration of one clone in this group. The six mIgG-sorted clones with more than 45 μg/ml and the two control clones with more than 10 μg/ml were then transferred to 125 ml shaker flasks for further assessment.

Example 12

Productivity Assessment of Selected CHO Clones

For adaptation to shaking the selected clones of Example 11 were transferred to 125 ml shaker flasks, and cultivated in 25 ml selection medium (see example 8) for one week on a gyratory shaker with 150 rpm under standard conditions (see example 8). Thereafter, for each clone 25 ml ProCHO5-CDM medium (Cambrex Corp., US), supplemented with 8 mM L-Alanyl-L-glutamine (Invitrogen Corp., US), 1× HT supplement (Invitrogen Corp., US) and 400 μg/ml G418 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) was inoculated with 1×10⁶ cells/ml and cultivated in 125 ml shaker flasks as described before. On day 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 the cell count of every clone was determined with a CASY® TT cell counter (Scharfe Systems, Germany), indicating a comparable growth of all tested clones (see Table 8).

TABLE 8 Cell count of shaker cultures. cell count [10⁶/ml] clone day 0 day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 7 mIgG-sorted clones 1A1 1.10 1.15 4.30 5.57 7.46 9.96 1B6 1.10 1.22 4.12 5.60 6.58 8.76 1C5 0.99 1.81 5.59 5.53 6.06 5.76 1D1 0.99 1.58 3.08 5.77 5.39 5.40 1D6 1.11 1.31 5.06 5.70 6.60 8.36 2D6 1.09 1.42 3.37 5.32 5.42 5.12 control clones KO2 1.07 1.42 3.23 4.94 5.06 7.12 KO6 1.03 1.55 5.89 5.56 7.44 8.00

On day 10 the cell culture supernatants were collected and IgG concentrations were determined by ELISA (see Table 9).

TABLE 9 Productivity determination of 10 day shaker cultures by ELISA. clone IgG in SN [μg/ml] mIgG-sorted clones 1A1 47.9 1B6 57.2 1C5 188.9 1D1 151.0 1D6 59.1 2D6 165.6 control clones KO2 56.5 KO6 34.6

It was observed that three of six mIgG-sorted clones (i.e. clones 1A1, 1B6, and 1D6) showed expression levels in a range comparable to the two control clones. The other three mIgG-sorted clones (i.e. clones 1C5, 1D1, and 2D6) showed a markedly elevated IgG expression that was up to 3.3 fold greater than observed in the control clones.

Example 13

Northern Blot Analysis of Selected CHO Clones

The six mIgG-sorted clones and the two control clones adapted to growth in shaker flasks (see example 12) were analyzed by Northern blot to define the ratio between the two heavy chain isoforms that emerge by alternative splicing of the primary transcript. For comparison the clone ‘27’ was analyzed in parallel. This clone has been obtained by stable transfection of CHO-K1 cells with a genomically organized expression vector for only the secreted form of the identical antibody. The Northern blot was performed as described in example 6 in detail and is shown in FIG. 9.

Example 14

Construction of the sIgG/IgG-GPI Expression Vector ‘pIgG-GPI-B’

For plasma membrane anchoring of an immunoglobulin the native transmembrane domain encoded by the 3′ part of exon M1 and the intracellular region encoded by exon M2 are replaced by the carboxy-terminal signal peptide of the human placental alkaline phosphatase which mediates glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring. Therefore the DNA sequence in plasmid pmIgGΔ-B (see example 1c) encoding the following 53 amino acids

LWTTITIFITLFLLSVCYSATVTFFKV (SEQ ID NO: 146) KWIFSSVVDLKQTIVPDYRNMIRQGA is replaced by the DNA sequence coding for the following amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal signal peptide of the human placental alkaline phosphatase (NCBI accession: M13077; nucleotides: 1542-1643)

(SEQ ID NO: 147) AGTTDAAHPGRSVVPALLPLLAGTLLLLETATAP.

The nucleic acid sequence of the gamma-chain expression cassette constant region, from CH1 to 3′UTR of expression plasmid pIgG-GPI-B is given in SEQ ID NO: 148.

The corresponding amino acid sequence of the sIgG isoform of the gamma-chain constant region encoded by plasmid pIgG-GPI-B is given in SEQ ID NO: 149.

The corresponding amino acid sequence of the long isoform of the gamma-chain constant region including the carboxy-terminal signal peptide of the human placental alkaline phosphatase encoded by plasmid pIgG-GPI-B is given in SEQ ID NO: 150.

This plasmid allows for the expression of the secreted form (sIgG) and a GPI-anchored form of an antibody by alternative splicing of the heavy chain pre-mRNA (see FIG. 10). 

1. A nucleic acid comprising in a 5′ to 3′ direction a) a first nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin heavy chain without an in frame stop codon at its 3′ terminus , b) a second nucleic acid beginning with a 5′ splice donor site and terminated by a 3′ splice acceptor site comprising an in frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal of a human or mouse immunoglobulin α, ε, γ and μ heavy chain, and c) a third nucleic acid encoding at least 60% of a complete human immunoglobulin transmembrane domain, wherein said immunoglobulin heavy chain and a marker are expressed from the same nucleic acid, wherein the marker is a plasma-membrane bound form of the expressed immunoglobulin heavy chain.
 2. The nucleic acid of claim 1, characterized in that said second nucleic acid comprises only one 5′ splice donor site and only one 3′ splice acceptor site.
 3. The nucleic acid of claim 2, characterized in that said second nucleic acid is a germline-derived immunoglobulin heavy chain intron, wherein in said intron 50consecutive nucleotides are deleted.
 4. The nucleic acid of claim 1, characterized in that said first nucleic acid encodes an human immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising all exons and all but one intron of the genomically organized immunoglobulin heavy chain gene.
 5. An isolated eukaryotic cell comprising a nucleic acid according to claim
 1. 6. The eukaryotic cell according to claim 5, characterized in that said eukaryotic cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO cells, NSO cells, Sp2/0 cells, COS cells, K562 cells, BHK cells, PER.C6® cells, and HEK cells.
 7. A method for selecting a eukaryotic cell expressing an immunoglobulin heavy chain, whereby the method comprises a) transfecting a eukaryotic cell with a nucleic acid comprising in a 5′ to 3′ direction i) a first nucleic acid encoding a immunoglobulin heavy chain without an in frame translational stop codon, ii) a second nucleic acid beginning with a splice donor site and terminated by a splice acceptor site comprising an in frame translational stop codon and a polyadenylation signal, iii) a third nucleic acid encoding at least 60% of a complete immunoglobulin transmembrane domain, b) culturing of said transfected cell under conditions suitable for the production of pre-mRNA from said nucleic acid, processing of said pre-MRNA, and translation of said processed mRNA into a polypeptide, wherein said transfected cell produces soluble immunoglobulin heavy chain and plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chain by alternative splicing of said pre-mRNA, and c) selecting a cell with plasma-membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy chain to be said cell expressing an immunoglobulin heavy chain.
 8. The method of claim 7, characterized in that i) said first nucleic acid encodes at least 60% of an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain, ii) said second nucleic acid is beginning with the 5′ splice donor site of an immunoglobulin heavy chain C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain exon and is terminated by the 3′ splice acceptor site of the immunoglobulin heavy chain transmembrane domain exon M1, iii) said third nucleic acid comprises at least 60% of an immunoglobulin transmembrane domain.
 9. The method of claim 7, characterized in that said second nucleic acid is obtained from the nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or protein selected from the group consisting of the C3b/C4b receptor; human, chicken, and rat EGFR; FGFR; human and mouse immunoglobulin α, ε, γ. μ heavy chain; human PLA₂ receptor; chicken Cek5; and mouse leukemia inhibitory factor receptor α-chain.
 10. The method of claim 7, characterized in that only one intron of the produced pre-mRNA can be spliced alternatively.
 11. The method of claim 10, characterized in that said selecting a cell is performed by a method selected from the group consisting_of flow cytometry, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, immunoaffinity column chromatography, magnetic bead imunoafflinity sorting, microscopy-based isolation methods, or immunological binding.
 12. The method of claim 11, characterized in that the 5′ splice site is an alternatively spliceable nucleic acid, resulting in a molecular ratio of soluble polypeptide to plasma-membrane-bound polypeptide of from more than 50:50 to less than 100:0. 